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Toll样受体

Toll样受体TLR3的弧形富亮氨酸重复区域

類鐸受体(英語:Toll-like receptors,缩写TLR,或译为類鐸受體)是單次跨膜蛋白英语Single-pass membrane protein,识别侵入体内的微生物进而激活免疫细胞的反应,在先天性免疫系统中起关键作用。Toll样受体是模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PRR)的一类,识别与宿主不同的病原体分子。这些分子被统称为病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMP)[1][2]。但是,也有一些例外情况。在脊椎动物(包括类、两栖类哺乳类鸟类爬虫类)以及无脊椎动物(如昆虫果蝇已被广泛研究)发现有Toll样受体。在细菌植物以及更高的生物界中也发现有Toll样受体。所以,Toll样受体是最古老最保守的免疫系统的组成部分,也被称作原始模式识别受体,因为它们在免疫系统的其他部分之前演变,尤其是在后天免疫系统之前。

「類鐸受體」這個名稱是來自於1985年在黑腹果蠅體內發現的鐸基因[3]。「鐸」來自於的德文的「德語:toll」,為嘆詞。當時研究人員在發現時說出一句「這太棒了!」("Das ist ja toll!"〉,因此而得名[4]

发现

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Toll样受体最早在黑腹果蠅中以基因的形式被發现,该基因對於果蝇胚胎發育過程中的背腹轴起到控制作用。

分布

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已在多种类型的免疫细胞中观察到Toll样受体的表达,包括树突细胞T细胞中性粒细胞嗜酸性粒细胞肥大细胞巨噬细胞单核细胞上皮细胞[5]

Toll样受体数据库

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TollML: TollML数据库是目前唯一的关于Toll样受体氨基酸序列水平上的Motifs的数据库。所有已知蛋白质序列的Toll样受体首先被划分为信号肽、胞外域穿膜域和胞内域4个结构单位;每个胞外域再被划分为单个的亮氨酸富集重复序列;每个亮氨酸富集重复序列进而被划分为高度保守区和可变区。所有划分都通过半手动进行。[6]

Toll样受体家族

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TLR1、2、6可识别细菌脂蛋白(lipoprotein)成分;TLR4在細胞膜上识别LPS及病毒膜蛋白;TLR5识别细菌鞭毛蛋白Flagellin(細菌鞭毛上主要組成蛋白質)。而核酸特异性TLR一般位于内体,TLR3在細胞質的囊泡中,识别双链RNA(Double-stranded RNA,dsRNA);TLR7、8识别单链RNA(singlestranded RNA,ssRNA);TLR9则在細胞質的囊泡中特异性识别游离核酸中未甲基化CpG序列。此种识别过程中,核酸并非微生物所独有,因此响应核酸刺激的TLR可能错误识别自身分子,而引起自身炎症或自身免疫疾病[7]

配体

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信号传递

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TLR合成于内质网,并运输至质膜或内体膜发挥作用,其中未受刺激时TLR9稳定存在于内质网,而MyD88存在于细胞质,激活后TLR9经高尔基体转移至细胞膜,再经内吞途径进入内体,与MyD88共同融合至含游离核酸内体区域。若中断TLR9内吞过程而将其人工定位于细胞膜表面,则会暴露TLR9于大量胞外游离核酸,可导致致命炎症反应,因此TLR9等核酸识别受体一般定位于内体以防止识别自身核酸片段[8][9]

TLR通路有许多,以下以TLR9激活NF-κB核异位为例。TLR9进入内体后,胰岛素调节膜氨基肽酶(insulin-regulated aminopeptidase)及溶酶体半胱氨酸蛋白酶(lysosomal cysteine proteases,cathepsin S)对其进行蛋白水解切割(proteolytic cleavage)后,启动下游信号转导机制,募集白介素1受体蛋白激酶(interleukin1-receptor-associated kinase,IRAK),接着一般以MyD88-IRAK4-IRAK2形式组成骨髓分化小体(Myddosome),亦称死亡区域蛋白。Myddosome激活IKK以磷酸化核因子κB抑制剂(inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B,IκB)两个特定丝氨酸残基。由S期激酶相关蛋白1(S-phase kinaseassociated protein 1,Skp1)、Cullin蛋白1(Cullin 1,Cul1)及F框蛋白(F-box protein)三者组成的SCF蛋白泛素连接酶复合物(Skp, Cullin, F-box containing ubiquitin ligase complex)若含β-转导重复相容蛋白(β-transducin repeat-containing protein,β-TrCP),则称为SCFβ-TrCP。未受游离核酸刺激时,NF-κB与其抑制蛋白IκB紧密结合,存在于细胞质,IκB掩盖NF-κB的核定位序列使其无法启动转录程序,而一旦IκB磷酸化,SCFβ-TrCP则会识别、泛素化并降解IκB,暴露NF-κB核定位信号,使其易位至细胞核并结合DNA,启动促炎细胞因子转录程序[10]

TLR9激活过程引起内体膨胀酸化成熟并产生活性氧,诱导丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase,MAPK)p38磷酸化进而刺激p65亚基磷酸化,促进下游促炎细胞因子转录与翻译。内体酸化是TLR9通路激活的必要条件,利用内体酸化抑制剂可抑制p65亚基磷酸化,降低促炎细胞因子表达,因此,内体酸化有望成为抑制游离核酸激活炎症通路的新靶点[11]

作用

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参看

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参考文献

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  1. ^ Akira S, Takeda K, Kaisho T. Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat Immunol. 2001 Aug;2(8):675-80.
  2. ^ West AP, Koblansky AA, Ghosh S. Recognition and signaling by toll-like receptors. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2006;22:409-37.
  3. ^ Hansson GK, Edfeldt K. Toll to be paid at the gateway to the vessel wall. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2005, 25 (6): 1085–7 [2015-03-23]. PMID 15923538. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000168894.43759.47. (原始内容存档于2007-10-11). 
  4. ^ Ärzteblatt, Deutscher Ärzteverlag GmbH, Redaktion Deutsches. Toll-like-Rezeptoren: Neue Zielstruktur für immunstimulierende Medikamente. Deutsches Ärzteblatt. 2007-04-20 [2020-04-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-14). 
  5. ^ Liu, Guangwei; Zhao, Yong. Toll‐like receptors and immune regulation: their direct and indirect modulation on regulatory CD4 + CD25 + T cells. Immunology. 2007-10, 122 (2) [2024-01-31]. ISSN 0019-2805. PMC 2266004可免费查阅. PMID 17848162. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02651.x. (原始内容存档于2024-01-31) (英语). 
  6. ^ Jing Gong, Tiandi Wei, Ning Zhang, Ferdinand Jamitzky, Wolfgang M. Heckl, Shaila C. Rössle, Robert W. Stark: TollML: a Database of Toll-likeReceptor Structural Motifs. J. Mol. Model., 2010, 16(7):1283-1289. 网址:http://tollml.lrz.de页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  7. ^ Fitzgerald, Katherine A.; Kagan, Jonathan C. Toll-like Receptors and the Control of Immunity. Cell. 2020-03, 180 (6). ISSN 0092-8674. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.041. 
  8. ^ De Leo, Maria Giovanna; Staiano, Leopoldo; Vicinanza, Mariella; Luciani, Alessandro; Carissimo, Annamaria; Mutarelli, Margherita; Di Campli, Antonella; Polishchuk, Elena; Di Tullio, Giuseppe; Morra, Valentina; Levtchenko, Elena. Autophagosome–lysosome fusion triggers a lysosomal response mediated by TLR9 and controlled by OCRL. Nature Cell Biology. 2016-07-11, 18 (8). ISSN 1465-7392. doi:10.1038/ncb3386. 
  9. ^ Marongiu, Laura; Gornati, Laura; Artuso, Irene; Zanoni, Ivan; Granucci, Francesca. Below the surface: The inner lives of TLR4 and TLR9. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2019-03-22, 106 (1). ISSN 1938-3673. doi:10.1002/jlb.3mir1218-483rr. 
  10. ^ Li, Xiaoxia; Stark, George R. NFκB-dependent signaling pathways. Experimental Hematology. 2002-04, 30 (4). ISSN 0301-472X. doi:10.1016/s0301-472x(02)00777-4. 
  11. ^ Benns, Jonathan M.; Choi, Joon-Sig; Mahato, Ram I.; Park, Jong-Sang; Kim, Sung Wan. pH-Sensitive Cationic Polymer Gene Delivery Vehicle:  N-Ac-poly(<scp>l</scp>-histidine)-graft-poly(<scp>l</scp>-lysine) Comb Shaped Polymer. Bioconjugate Chemistry. 2000-09-01, 11 (5). ISSN 1043-1802. doi:10.1021/bc0000177. 
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Toll样受体
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