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雪崩二極管

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雪崩二極管
类型被動
工作原理突崩潰

雪崩二極管(avalanche diode)是設計在特定反向電壓下,會突崩潰二極管,其材料會用或是其他半导体材料。雪崩二極管的接合面會經特別設計,避免電流集中及所產生高溫熱點,因此在崩潰時不會破壞二極管。突崩潰是因為少數載子加速到足以使晶格電離的程度,因此產生更多的載子,也造成更進一步的電離。因為突崩潰是在接面上均勻發生的,相較於非雪崩的二極管,雪崩二極管的崩潰電壓不會隨電流而變化,大致呈一定值[1]

稽納二極體除了齊納崩潰外,也會有類似的效應。任何一個二極體都會有這二種效應,但一般會有一個效應明顯較強。雪崩二極管針對突崩潰進行最佳化,因此在崩潰條件下會有很小,但明顯的電壓差。而稽納二極體會維持在高過崩潰電壓的一個電壓下。此特性比較類似氣體放電管,比稽納二極體的保護效果要好。雪崩二極管的電壓有小的正溫度係數,而稽納二極體則是負溫度係數[2]

用途

電壓對電流的圖,可以看到在崩潰時電壓接近定值
雪崩二極管的電壓電流特性

參考電壓

不同電流下的崩潰電壓只會隨電流有微小的變化。因此雪崩二極管可用作参考电压,参考电压超過6-8伏特的参考电压二極體,多半就是雪崩二極管。

保護

雪崩二極管常用在電路過電壓保護。雪崩二極管以逆向偏壓的方式和電路連接,其陽極的電壓比陰極要高。此組態下,二極體不會導通,也不會影響電路。若電壓上昇,超過所設計的限制值,二極體會突崩潰,將有害的電壓導通到接地。若是這類的使用,雪崩二極管會限制最大電壓至某個事先設計的值,因此會稱為clamping二極體英语Clamper (electronics)瞬态电压抑制二极管。此用途的雪崩二極管一般會標示其clamping電壓VBR及可以吸收的最大暫態能量(用焦耳)或是。雪崩二極體的崩潰沒有破壞性,因為二極體不會過熱。

相關條目

參考資料

  1. ^ L. W. Turner, (ed.), Electronics Engineer's Reference Book, 4th Edition, Newnes, 1976 pages 8-9 to 8-10
  2. ^ Jacob Millman Microelectronics, McGraw-Hill, 1979 ISBN 0-07-042327-X, pp. 45-47
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雪崩二極管
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