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陽極

陽極(英語:anode)是电池电解池中进行氧化反應電極。相对地,陰極(英語:cathode)是电池或电解池中进行還原反應的電極。

英文 anode 和 cathode 是法拉第威廉·惠威爾的協助下发明的词,anode 表示“发生氧化反应的电极”(或者失去电子的电极),相当于中文的“阳极”或“氧化极”。相反地,cathode 则表示“发生还原反应的电极”(或者得到电子的电极),相当于中文的“阴极”或“还原极”。

鋅銅電池陽極
鋅銅電池陰極

正极负极的关系

英汉字典中,anode 译成“阳极”或“正极[1][註 1],cathode 译成“阴极”或“负极[2]。但是在化学电学领域中,阳极正极阴极负极的概念与原理是有区别的。

电学化学领域(电池电路阴极射线管等等)中,正极表示“电势高的电极”,负极表示“电势低的电极”,分别与英语的 positive electrodenegative electrode 对应。但是对于阳极阴极而言,阳极永远发生氧化反应阴极永远发生还原反应。根据这一规律,进行示意图解分析如下:

根据电池放电的示意图,图中的电流方向与电子流动方向可以任意设定。在图示的情况下,1端为电子流入的方向,2端为电子流出的方向,相应地,1端为电流流出的方向,2端为电流流入的方向。根据失电子价态升高被氧化、得电子价态下降被还原的原则,以及流出电流电势高为正极及流入电流电势低为负极的原则,可以判断1端为正极电势高)和阴极(被还原),而2端为负极电势低)和阳极(被氧化)。

根据充电的图示情况,与充电情况互为可逆反应,则2端得电子还原,为阴极,1端失电子氧化,为阳极。另一方面,原本2端为负极,1端为正极

从以上分析可以看出:

电池在放电时,阳极相当于负极阴极相当于正极
而电池在充电时(相当于电解池),阳极相当于正极阴极相当于负极

也就是说,阳极阴极电极没有必然的关系。

备注

  1. ^ 剑桥词典解释 anode:one of the electrodes (= objects that electricity moves through) in a piece of electrical equipment. The anode is the negative electrode in a battery and the positive electrode in an electrolytic cell.

参考

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陽極
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