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电解池

1884年绘制的一个制取氢氧混合气的电解池

电解池(electrolytic cell)又称电解电池,是用于电解的装置,可以将电能转化为化学能,使某些平常情况下无法自发的化学反应得以发生。

电解池一般由电解液和两个电极组成,电解液可以是盐类的水溶液也可以是熔融的盐类。当在电极上加上外加电场时,电解液中的离子会被带相反电荷的电极所吸引,靠近该电极,进而在该电极上发生得电子或失去电子的还原或氧化反应。电解池的重要应用例子包括电解水、电解食盐水、电解熔融的氧化铝制取等过程。材料的电镀和金属的精炼也通过电解池进行[1]

电极定义与原理

麥可·法拉第定义与电源负极相连的电极为阴极,阴极带负电荷,吸引带正电的离子在阴极上得到电子,还原后生成金属或气体。相對的,他定义与电源的正极相连的电极为阳极,阳极带正电荷,吸引带负电的离子在阳极上失去电子,形成气体逸出。

应用

电解水溶液

电解氯化钠水溶液示意图

当有外界电压时,水电离出的带正电的氢正离子会接近带有负电荷的阴极,在阴极上得到电子生成氢气。而水电离出的带负电的氢氧根则会接近带正电的阳极,在阳极上失去电子产生氧气。 若电解氯化钠水溶液,阴极上仍然是水分子得到电子生成氢气;

2H
2
O
+ 2e → H2 + 2OH

而在阳极上,氯离子相比氢氧根更容易失去电子,所以发生的反应是氯离子失去电子产生氯气,

2ClCl
2
+ 2e

同时导致溶液中氢氧根逐渐增多,总反应为氯化钠水溶液电解后产生氢气、氯气氢氧化钠[2]

电解制取难还原的金属

对于、铝等较活泼金属的化合物,其中的金属离子很难得到电子还原成单质,故一般的还原法无法获得金属,可在电解池中通过外加电场促使还原反应发生。 如制取铝的霍尔-埃鲁法,其基本反应是电解熔融的氧化铝制得单质铝:冰晶石、氧化铝和氟化铝的混合溶液加上直流电压后,带正电的铝离子会聚集在阴极附近,获得电子生成单质铝,而氧离子则在石墨焦炭制成的阳极附近失去电子,生成氧原子。按照理论计算,生成一千克铝所耗能量为8.7千瓦时[3],现代工业规模的铝电解池一般需11.5-13.5千瓦时的电能生产1千克铝,所用的电解池通常使用的电流都达数百安培[4]

参考文献

  1. ^ 傅献彩等. 物理化学,第五版. 高等教育出版社. 2005年7月: 676–679. 
  2. ^ Bommaraju, Tilak V.; Orosz, Paul J.; Sokol, Elizabeth A. Electrochemistry Encyclopedia: Brine Electrolysis. Cleveland: Case Western Rsserve University. 2007. 
  3. ^ Christoph Schmitz. Handbook of Aluminium Recycling. Vulkan-Verlag GmbH. 2006: 18-24. 
  4. ^ DUBAL 2008 installed cell amperage for DX Technology. [2014-02-09]. (原始内容存档于2013-09-27). 
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电解池
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