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齊納效應

二極體電流-電壓特性曲線(橫軸是電壓,縱軸是電流),其中曲線在逆向偏壓下(第三象限)出現兩個分叉,右側分叉是齊納效應。

電子學中,齊納效應(英語:Zener effect),又稱齊納崩潰(英語:Zener breakdown)其是一種電擊穿。當一個pn接面中的逆向偏壓太大,使大量自由載子得以從半導體價帶穿隧導帶的時候,就會出現這種情況,具體的表現是迅速暴增的逆向電流[1][2]

齊納效應是由美國物理學家克拉倫斯·齊納發現;這個現象後來被是運用在齊納二極體之中,它具有穩定電壓的功能。

機制

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在強勁的逆向偏壓下,pn接面的空乏區變寬,導致接面上產生高强度電場[3]。電場如果夠強,就能讓電子穿越的空乏區,產生大量的自由載子,這導致逆向電流暴增。根據發現,齊納效應發生時,電場強度大約是3×107 V/m[來源請求]。在齊納效應發生後,齊納二極體電流-電壓曲線的斜率很大(也就是電導很大)。

與突崩潰的關係

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齊納效應跟突崩潰不同。突崩潰發生時,空乏區中的載子一樣會被電場加速;但與齊納效應不同的是,突崩潰時,電子的能量足以藉由碰撞原子中的束縛電子,來釋放電子電洞對(此過程稱為碰撞游離英语impact ionization)。齊納效應和突崩潰可能同時發生,也可能各自發生而不相關。

對pn接面二極體來說,發生在逆向偏壓5伏特以下的電擊穿通常是由齊納效應引起的,而發生在5伏特以上的話,則是由突崩潰引起的[4]。而如果是接近5伏特的時候發生,通常是這兩種效應的某種組合引起的。

在重度摻雜(中度摻雜的p型半導體中度和重度摻雜的n型半導體)的接面中,空乏層較狹窄,傾向發生齊納效應[3]。當接面是由輕度摻雜半導體組成,空乏層較寬時,傾向發生突崩潰。如果接面溫度升高,會增加齊納效應對擊穿的貢獻,同時降低突崩潰的貢獻。[來源請求]

參考文獻

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內文引註

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  1. ^ PN junction breakdown characteristics. Circuits Today. 2009-08-25 [2024-01-19] (英语). 
  2. ^ Lutz 1999,第51頁.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Jones, R. Victor. Zener and Avalanche Breakdown/Diodes. School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University. 2001-10-18. (原始内容存档于2017-06-10) (英语). 
  4. ^ Fair, R.B.; Wivell, H.W. Zener and avalanche breakdown in As-implanted low-voltage Si n-p junctions. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. May 1976, 23 (5): 512–518. ISSN 1557-9646. S2CID 12322965. doi:10.1109/T-ED.1976.18438 (英语). 

來源

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齊納效應
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