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金属离子.
金属离子是一类由金属元素(铵根离子除外)失去电子而形成的阳离子,通常由可溶性盐溶于水解离或金属单质、高价金属离子发生氧化还原反应而来,亦有极少数金属离子是阴离子。正价金属离子可以与酸根离子结合形成盐,也可以与氢氧根离子结合形成碱。部分金属离子可用作催化剂。在酸根离子中的金属则不属于金属离子(例如高锰酸根中氧化數+7的锰原子)。[1][2]
名稱
|
化學式
|
顏色
|
常见金属离子颜色
|
銅離子 |
Cu2+ |
藍色
|
鐵離子 |
Fe3+ |
棕黃色
|
亞鐵離子 |
Fe2+ |
淺綠色
|
亞鈷離子 |
Co2+ |
粉紅色
|
錳離子 |
Mn2+ |
粉紅色
|
|
名稱
|
化學式
|
別稱
|
簡單金属陽離子
|
鋁 |
Al3+ |
|
鋇 |
Ba2+ |
|
鈹 |
Be2+ |
|
銫 |
Cs+ |
|
鈣 |
Ca2+ |
|
鉻(II) |
Cr2+ |
|
鉻(III) |
Cr3+ |
|
鈷(II) |
Co2+ |
|
鈷(III) |
Co3+ |
|
銅(I) |
Cu+ |
|
銅(II) |
Cu2+ |
|
亞鐵離子(II) |
Fe2+ |
|
鐵(III) |
Fe3+ |
|
鉛(II) |
Pb2+ |
|
鉛(IV) |
Pb4+ |
|
鋰 |
Li+ |
|
鎂 |
Mg2+ |
|
錳(II) |
Mn2+ |
|
錳(III) |
Mn3+ |
|
汞(II) |
Hg2+ |
|
亞鎳(II) |
Ni2+ |
|
鎳(III) |
Ni3+ |
|
鉀 |
K+ |
|
銀 |
Ag+ |
|
鈉 |
Na+ |
|
鍶 |
Sr2+ |
|
亞錫(II) |
Sn2+ |
|
錫(IV) |
Sn4+ |
|
金 |
Au3+ |
|
鋅 |
Zn2+ |
|
多原子金属阳离子
|
铵根離子 |
NH4+ |
|
亞汞(I) |
Hg22+ |
|
|
参考来源:[1]
可溶性盐大多数均可完全解离,[3]但有少数盐以分子形式存在,不解离。例如:氯化铝。[4]
由于金属离子大多为正价,故容易得到电子而還原,具有氧化性。
例如:三价铁离子与亚硫酸根反应:[3]
- 2 Fe3+ + SO32- + H2O → SO42- + 2 Fe2+ + 2 H+
非最高价金属离子具有还原性,能和氧化性较强的物质反应。例如:
- 亞鐵離子(Fe2+)可与酸化的硝酸根离子反应,生成三价铁离子。
- 氯气可以与亚铁(亚铜)离子反应,生成三价铁离子(二价铜离子)和氯离子。
也可以与活动性较强的金属单质发生置换反应。例如:[3]
- Fe + Cu2+ → Cu + Fe2+
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