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金属离子

建議将此條目或章節併入离子。(討論

金属离子是一类由金属元素(铵根离子除外)失去电子而形成的阳离子,通常由可溶性溶于水解离或金属单质、高价金属离子发生氧化还原反应而来,亦有极少数金属离子是阴离子。正价金属离子可以与酸根离子结合形成,也可以与氢氧根离子结合形成。部分金属离子可用作催化剂。在酸根离子中的金属则不属于金属离子(例如高锰酸根中氧化數+7的锰原子)。[1][2]

常见金属离子

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离子列表及颜色列表

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参考来源:[1]

电离

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可溶性大多数均可完全解离,[3]但有少数盐以分子形式存在,不解离。例如:氯化铝。[4]

化学性质

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氧化性

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由于金属离子大多为正价,故容易得到电子而還原,具有氧化性

例如:三价铁离子与亚硫酸根反应:[3]

2 Fe3+ + SO32- + H2O → SO42- + 2 Fe2+ + 2 H+

还原性

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非最高价金属离子具有还原性,能和氧化性较强的物质反应。例如:

  • 亞鐵離子(Fe2+)可与酸化的硝酸根离子反应,生成三价铁离子。
  • 氯气可以与亚铁(亚铜)离子反应,生成三价铁离子(二价铜离子)和氯离子。

也可以与活动性较强的金属单质发生置换反应。例如:[3]

Fe + Cu2+ → Cu + Fe2+

参考文献

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 化工辞典. 化学工业出版社. 2001. ISBN 9787502525972. 
  2. ^ 浙江大学, 普通化学教研组. 普通化学(第6版). 高等教育出版社. 2011. ISBN 9787040322347. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 化学(必修1). 人民教育出版社. 2012. 
  4. ^ 化学(必修2). 人民教育出版社. 2012. 
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金属离子
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