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氧化数

氧化数(英文:Oxidation number)用来表示化合物中,所有配体电子对都被去掉后,中心原子所带的电荷数。[1]氧化数这个概念被用于无机化学命名法中。标明氧化数使用罗马数字,并且省略正氧化数的正号。书写时既可以将氧化数写成上标标在元素符号后面,如 FeIII,也可将氧化数写在括号内标在元素名称后面,如铁(III),元素名称与括号之间不留空格。

氧化数通常在数值上等于氧化态。但在有些情况下,配体不如中心原子电负性强(如配合物),因此氧化数与氧化态不相等。

定義

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鍵結電子分配給電負度較大的元素時,原子所得失的電子數,若得到電子,則氧化數為負;若失去電子,氧化數為正

氧化數決定法則

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  • 元素態的物質,氧化數為零。 Ex: Na(0)、Cl2(0)
  • 單原子離子的氧化數為其所帶的電荷數。 Ex: Fe3+(+3)、Zn2+(+2)
  • 化合物中,F恆為-1,1A恆為+1,2A恆為+2。 Ex: NaCl(Na為+1)、HF(F為-1)
  • 氫的氧化數:
    非金屬氫化物,氫為+1。 Ex:H2O(H為+1)、CH4(H為+1)
    金屬氫化物,氫為-1。 Ex: NaH(H為-1)、LiH(H為-1)
  • 氧的氧化數:
    一般氧化物,氧為-2 。Ex: CO2(O為-2)、H2O(O為-2)
    過氧化物,氧為-1。 Ex: H2O2(O為-1)、Na2O2(O為-1)
    超氧化物,氧為-1/2。 Ex: KO2(O為-1/2)、CsO2(O為-1/2)
  • 化合物中,各元素的氧化數總和為0。 Ex: H2SO4(S為+6)
  • 多原子離子中,各元素的氧化數總和等於離子的電荷值。 Ex: MnO4-(Mn為+7)

参见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ IUPAC. "oxidation number". Compendium of Chemical Terminology. Internet edition.
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氧化数
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