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諫議大夫

諫議大夫,是監察的一種特殊職官,通常稱為言官諫官

沿革

秦代大夫,有諫議大夫、太中大夫中大夫諫大夫等各類官稱,無定員。西漢時沿用秦制,漢武帝元狩五年(前118年)置諫大夫,無定員,掌議論。東漢改稱諫議大夫,《后汉书·百官志二》:“谏议大夫,六百石。本注曰:无员。”時稱散騎常侍

仍置諫議大夫,有左、右諫議大夫,各四人,分屬門下省中書省,另設补阙拾遗。諫議大夫雖然位階不高,唐代僅是正五品,但可“讽朝政之得失,谏皇帝之功过”,唐代著名大臣魏徵即是最好例子,魏徵任諫議大夫時,“凡二百餘奏,無不剴切”。唐代的諫官有權力駁回明顯不合理的詔書。初沿其制,後置諫院,谏院下设鼓院,以左、右諫議大夫為之長;王安石變法之際,當時的右諫議大夫司馬光寫一封長達三千餘字的信給王安石,抨擊新政,也就是著名的《與王介甫書》。遼代門下省和中書省分別設左諫院和右諫院,沿置諫議大夫等職,但有名無實。金代有諫院,設左、右諫議大夫、司諫。元朝搁置不設。

洪武期間置諫議大夫及左右司諫,不久廢除。宋代類書册府元龟》曾收入至五代的379件著名的諫書。

参考文献

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諫議大夫
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