For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for 话题优先语言.

话题优先语言

語言學中,话题优先语言(Topic-Prominent Language)會通過語法來表達句中的主題謂語——亦即主題和描述文,相對於英語主語优先语言(Subject-Prominent Language),不受主詞、動詞格和受詞等規限。[1]汉语日语韓语越南语馬來语印尼语新加坡式英語芬蘭語馬札兒语以及索馬里語等都是典型的话题优先语言。

特徵

[编辑]

许多话题优先语言共享一些因句子围绕话题(而不是主语或宾语)而产生的句法特征:

  • 倾向于淡化被动语态的作用,因为被动是将主语默认为话题的语言中,句子宾语变为主语的过程;
  • 罕见虚词或“形式主语”(虚设代词),如英语It's raining中的it;
  • 常有所谓“双主语”句,实际上是话题+主语。例如下面的句子模式常见于话题优先语言:
标准汉语
这个人 个子 很高。
这个人(话题)个子(主语)很高。
 
日语
その ヤシは 葉っぱが 大きい。
sono yashi-wa happa-ga ookii
那棵椰子树(话题)叶子(主语)很大。
  • 没有冠词,冠词是另一种暗示新老信息差别的手段。
  • 主语和宾语的标记间无显著差异。

缅彝语群傈僳语是高度的话题优先语言,[2]:457–489Sara Rosen说“每个从句都有一个可辨识的话题,但常常无法区分主语和直接宾语,也无法区分施事和受事。傈僳语实际上没有能可靠地判断主语或宾语的标志。”[3]这样的歧义如下例:[2]

làthyu nya ánà khù -a
人们 话题 -陈述
a. “人们咬狗”
b. “人们被狗咬”

例子

[编辑]

话题优先语言的例子多见于东亚语言,如汉语日语韩语越南语马来语印度尼西亚语新加坡英语马来西亚英语土耳其语[4][5]匈牙利语[6]:172–181索马里语美洲原住民语言苏族语也是话题优先语言。现代语言学研究发现,巴西葡萄牙语也是话题优先或话题-主语优先语言[7][8]美国手语也被认为是话题优先语言。[9]

普通话

[编辑]
張三 已經 見過 了。 通常语序*: 已經 見過 張三 了。
*注:普通话语序以SVO为主,不过也允许宾语上升为句子的话题,此时表现为OSV语序。

日语

[编辑]
魚は 鯛が おいしい。
sakana-wa tai-ga oishi-i
鱼-top 红鲷鱼-nom 美味-npst
说到鱼,红鲷鱼很好吃。/ 红鲷鱼是一种很好吃的鱼。

拉科塔语

[编辑]
Miye ṡuŋkawaḱaŋ eya owiċabluspe yelo.
是那个-1sg 马det.pl 抓-3pl.und-1sg.act-抓 decl.雄性
(对)我(来说),一些马:我抓住了它们。→是我抓住了一些马。(我抓住了些马。)

土耳其语

[编辑]
Seni yarın yine göreceğim.
你-acc 明天 见-fut-1sg
你明天再我会见。→ 我明天会再见你。

參見

[编辑]

註釋

[编辑]
  1. ^ Li, Charles N. and Thompson, Sandra A. 1976. "Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Language". In Charles N. Li. Subject and Topic. New York: Academic Press.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Li, Charles N.; Thompson, Sandra A. Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Language. Charles N. Li (编). Subject and Topic. New York: Academic Press. 1976. ISBN 978-0-12-447350-8. 
  3. ^ Rosen, Sara Thomas. Structured Events, Structured Discourse. Ramchand & Reiss (编). The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Interfaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-924745-5. 
  4. ^ http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/langtyp.htm页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Typology of Language Grammars - San Jose State University
  5. ^ http://www.turkofoni.org/files/a_typological_approach_to_sentence_structure_in_turkish-yilmaz_kili_arslan_trakya_uni.pdf页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) A Typological Approach to Sentence Structure in Turkish - Yılmaz Kılıçaslan
  6. ^ Kenesei, Istvan; Vago, Robert M.; Fenyvesi, Anna. 1.12. Topic. Hungarian. Routledge. 2002 [2021-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-134-97646-1. (原始内容存档于2021-01-18). 
  7. ^ Pontes, E. (1987). O tópico no português do Brasil. Pontes Editores.
  8. ^ As Construções De Tópico No Português Do Brasil: Uma Análise Sintático-Discursiva Em Tempo Real. Filologia.org.br. [2012-12-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-31). 
  9. ^ Schick, Brenda Sue. Advances in the Sign Language Development of Deaf Children. Oxford University Press. 2006: 36 [2008-09-23]. ISBN 0-19-518094-1. (原始内容存档于2021-12-25). 
{{bottomLinkPreText}} {{bottomLinkText}}
话题优先语言
Listen to this article

This browser is not supported by Wikiwand :(
Wikiwand requires a browser with modern capabilities in order to provide you with the best reading experience.
Please download and use one of the following browsers:

This article was just edited, click to reload
This article has been deleted on Wikipedia (Why?)

Back to homepage

Please click Add in the dialog above
Please click Allow in the top-left corner,
then click Install Now in the dialog
Please click Open in the download dialog,
then click Install
Please click the "Downloads" icon in the Safari toolbar, open the first download in the list,
then click Install
{{::$root.activation.text}}

Install Wikiwand

Install on Chrome Install on Firefox
Don't forget to rate us

Tell your friends about Wikiwand!

Gmail Facebook Twitter Link

Enjoying Wikiwand?

Tell your friends and spread the love:
Share on Gmail Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on Buffer

Our magic isn't perfect

You can help our automatic cover photo selection by reporting an unsuitable photo.

This photo is visually disturbing This photo is not a good choice

Thank you for helping!


Your input will affect cover photo selection, along with input from other users.

X

Get ready for Wikiwand 2.0 🎉! the new version arrives on September 1st! Don't want to wait?