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徑向速度

飛過雷達站的飛機:飛機的速度向量(紅色)是徑向速度(綠色)和切線速度(藍色)的向量和

徑向速度(英語:Radial velocity)是物體相對於給定點之間距離的變化率。也就是說徑向速度是速度在視線方向上的分量,這個分量指向定點和該物體的半徑方向。在天文學中,給定點通常被視為地球上的觀測者,因此徑向速度表示該物體離開地球的速度(為正值)或接近地球的速度(為負值)。

在天文學中,徑向速度通常通過都卜勒頻譜量測。通過這種方法獲得的量可以稱為質心徑向速度光譜徑向速度[1]。 然而,由於相對論宇宙學效應,通常光從一個天體到達觀測者要經過很長遠的距離,如果沒有對物體及觀測者之間的空間附加假設,這種量測不能準確地轉換成幾何徑向速度[2]。相較之下, 天體量測徑向速度天體量測的觀測確定(例如,年周視差長期變化[2][3][4]

光譜徑向速度

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恆星的徑向速度,能夠經由高解析的光譜精確的測量,並且和在實驗室內測出的已知譜線波長做比較。在習慣上,正的徑向速度表示物體在退行,如果是負值,物體則是在接近。

在許多聯星中,軌道運動通常都會造成每秒數公里的徑向速度改變量。這些恆星譜線的變化肇因於都卜勒效應,因此她們被稱為光譜聯星。研究徑向速度可以估計恆星的質量和一些軌道要素,像是離心率半長軸。同樣的方法也被用在發現環繞恆星的行星上,在這種方法下測量的運動可以確定行星的軌道週期,而位移量的大小可以用來計算行星的質量

参见

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參考資料

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  1. ^ Resolution C1 on the Definition of a Spectroscopic "Barycentric Radial-Velocity Measure". Special Issue: Preliminary Program of the XXVth GA in Sydney, July 13–26, 2003 Information Bulletin n° 91. Page 50. IAU Secretariat. July 2002. https://www.iau.org/static/publications/IB91.pdf页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Lindegren, Lennart; Dravins, Dainis. The fundamental definition of "radial velocity" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. April 2003, 401 (3): 1185–1201 [4 February 2017]. Bibcode:2003A&A...401.1185L. arXiv:astro-ph/0302522可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030181. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-14). 
  3. ^ Dravins, Dainis; Lindegren, Lennart; Madsen, Søren. Astrometric radial velocities. I. Non-spectroscopic methods for measuring stellar radial velocity. Astron. Astrophys. 1999, 348: 1040–1051. Bibcode:1999A&A...348.1040D. arXiv:astro-ph/9907145可免费查阅. 
  4. ^ Resolution C 2 on the Definition of "Astrometric Radial Velocity". Special Issue: Preliminary Program of the XXVth GA in Sydney, July 13–26, 2003 Information Bulletin n° 91. Page 51. IAU Secretariat. July 2002. https://www.iau.org/static/publications/IB91.pdf页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
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徑向速度
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