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蛛形纲

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蛛形纲
化石时期:437–0 Ma
志留紀-現代[1][2]
自然界的藝術形態》 (1904), 圖版 66: Arachnida
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
演化支 蛛形类 Arachnomorpha
亚门: 螯肢亚门 Chelicerata
演化支 真螯肢类 Euchelicerata
演化支 頭胸足類 Prosomapoda
演化支 平背板類 Planaterga
演化支 十三腹節類 Dekatriata
演化支 硬器類 Sclerophorata
纲: 蛛形纲 Arachnida
Cuvier, 1812

見內文

蛛形綱學名Arachnida)又名蜘蛛綱,是節肢動物門下的一個,包括了蜘蛛蠍子等。其中蜘蛛、蟎等常被大眾誤解為昆蟲,雖然同屬節肢動物,但牠們與昆蟲綱屬於完全不同的類群。蛛形綱動物的特徵是擁有八隻,多以书肺呼吸,行体内受精半變態。大多數蛛形綱動物為陸生,且多為肉食性。大部分的蛛形綱都是無毒的,而有一些蜘蛛和蠍子有毒,主要用作自衛及捕獵用途。

分類

[编辑]

現時蛛形綱(Arachnida Cuvier, 1812)有大约112,201左右的物種,當中化石種有†1,586。[3]根據2014年的分類,蛛形綱各分類群的系統發生關係如下[4]

  • 蟎形總目 Acariformes
    • 恙螨目 Trombidiformes Reuter, 1909 (25821個已知物種,其中24種已絕滅
    • 疥蟎目 Sarcoptiformes Reuter, 1909 (16412個已知物種,其中113種已絕滅)
  • 盲蛛目 Opiliones Sundevall, 1833 (6519個已知物種,其中35種已絕滅)
  • 节腹目 Ricinulei Thorell, 1876 (73個已知物種,其中15種已絕滅)
  • 避日目 Solifugae Sundevall, 1833 (1116個已知物種,其中3種已絕滅)
  • 寄蟎總目 Parasitiformes[5]
    • 節腹蟎目 Opilioacarida Zakhvatkin, 1952 (37個已知物種,其中2種已絕滅)
    • 巨蟎目 Holothyrida Thon, 1905 (27個已知物種)
    • 真蜱目 Ixodida Leach, 1815 (896個已知物種,其中5種已絕滅)
    • 革蟎目 Mesostigmata G. Canestrini, 1891 (11424個已知物種)
  • †古怖目 Phalangiotarbida Haase, 1890 (31個已絕滅物種)
  • 鬚腳目 Palpigradi Thorell, 1888 (83個已知物種,其中1種已絕滅)
  • 蛛肺类 Arachnopulmonata
    • 泛蠍類 Panscorpiones
      • 拟蝎目 Pseudoscorpiones de Geer, 1778 (3494個已知物種,其中40種已絕滅)
      • 蝎目 Scorpiones C.L. Koch, 1851 (2068個已知物種,其中121種已絕滅)
    • 泛四肺類 Pantetrapulmonata
      • †角怖目 Trigonotarbida Petrunkevitch, 1949 (65個已絕滅物種)
      • 四肺類 Tetrapulmonata
        • 裂跗類 Schizotarsata
          • †聯足目 Haptopoda Pocock, 1911 (1個已絕滅物種)
          • 觸足類 Pedipalpi
            • 无鞭目 Amblypygi Thorell, 1883 (155個已知物種,其中11種已絕滅)
            • 裂盾目 Schizomida Petrunkevitch, 1945 (約300個已知物種)
            • 有鞭目 Thelyphonida / Uropygi Thorell, 1883 (約100餘個已知物種,其中2種已絕滅)
        • 紡織類 Serikodiastida
          • †乌拉尔蛛目 Uraraneida Selden & Shear in Selden et al., 2008 (3個已絕滅物種)
          • 蜘蛛目 Araneae Clerck, 1757 (43579個已知物種,其中1106種已絕滅)

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ Dunlop, J.A. A trigonotarbid arachnid from the Upper Silurian of Shropshire (PDF). Palaeontology. September 1996, 39 (3): 605–614 [2008-10-12]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2008-12-16). 
  2. ^ Andrew J. Wendruff; Loren E. Babcock; Christian S. Wirkner; Joanne Kluessendorf; Donald G. Mikulic. A Silurian ancestral scorpion with fossilised internal anatomy illustrating a pathway to arachnid terrestrialisation. Scientific Reports. 2020, 10: Article number 14. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56010-z. 
  3. ^ Zhang, Zhi-Qiang. Phylum Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848 (PDF). Zhang, Z.-Q. (编). Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (PDF). Magnolia Press. 2011: 123–128 [2015-12-10]. ISBN 978-1-86977-850-7. ISSN 1175-5334. (原始内容存档于2015-12-22) (英语).  |journal=被忽略 (帮助); |issue=被忽略 (帮助)
  4. ^ Sharma, Prashant P.; Kaluziak, Stefan T.; Pérez-Porro, Alicia R.; González, Vanessa L.; Hormiga, Gustavo; Wheeler, Ward C. & Giribet, Gonzalo. Phylogenomic Interrogation of Arachnida Reveals Systemic Conflicts in Phylogenetic Signal. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2014-01-11, 31 (11): 2963–2984. PMID 25107551. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu235可免费查阅. 
  5. ^ FRÉDÉRIC BEAULIEU, ASHLEY P.G. DOWLING, HANS KLOMPEN, GILBERTO J. DE MORAES & DAVID EVANS WALTER. Superorder Parasitiformes Reuter, 1909 (PDF). Zhang, Z.-Q. (编). Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (PDF). Magnolia Press. 2011: 123–128 [2015-12-10]. ISBN 978-1-86977-850-7. ISSN 1175-5334. (原始内容存档于2015-12-22) (英语).  |journal=被忽略 (帮助); |issue=被忽略 (帮助)
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蛛形纲
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