藏语群
| 藏語群 | |
|---|---|
| 地理分佈 | 青藏高原 |
| 谱系学分类 | 汉藏语系 |
| 分支 | |
| – | |
| Glottolog | bodi1257 |
藏語群（英語：Bodish languages），又稱藏語支，語言學上的分類，屬於藏-喜马拉雅语群之下的分支，名稱源自圖博（藏語：བོད་，威利转写：bod）。不同學者對於藏語群的分類有不同的定義，但是其共同點是不包括東部藏語（East Bodish）。使用這些語言的族群主要分布在西藏、北印度、北巴基斯坦、尼泊爾與不丹一帶。
各種分類
[编辑]學者Ernst Schäfer，將藏語分成西部藏語、中央藏語、南部藏語與東部藏語四大類。Schäfer認為除了西部藏語之外，其他三個藏語群都是源自古藏語。
Nathan W. Hill認為西部藏語這個假說並沒有根據，他主張分成東部藏語與藏語兩大類。
Shafer首先创造了术语“藏语群”，在他的分类中用于两级不同的分类：[1]:100–101
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目前一般认为Shafer的前三个分类均分化自中古藏语，形成藏语群，而东部藏语群则是与之并列的姐妹群。[2]:111 更近的分类排除了嘉绒语支，目前认为它自成一支。[3]:4
Bradley (1997)也定义了“藏语群”，加上了西喜马拉雅语支，Shafer将其视作他的藏语群的姐妹分支。这样分类的结果与其他分类法的“藏-喜马拉雅语群”大致等效。这个分类中，藏语群包含两个分支，藏语支和东部藏语群：[3]:3–15
| 藏语群 |
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东部藏语群是汉藏语系内最缺乏研究的一支。属于这一支的语言有布姆唐语(Michailovsky & Mazaudon 1994；van Driem 1995)、仓洛语 (Hoshi 1987; Andvik 1999)、达旺门巴语(Lu 1986; Sun et al. 1991)、象雄语(Nagano & LaPolla 2001)，可能还包括扎克灵语 (Blench & Post 2011)。
据Shafer，东部藏语群是藏语群最保守的分支。
至于东部藏语群语法的讨论，有Das Gupta (1968)和Lu (2002)。关于库尔托普语的论文有Hyslop (2008a, 2008b, 2009)。
參考文獻
[编辑]- Bradley, David, Tibeto-Burman languages and classification (PDF), Bradley, David (编), Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics 14, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics: 1–71, 1997 [2020-01-27], ISBN 978-0-85883-456-9, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-11）.
- van Driem, George (1994). East Bodish and Proto-Tibeto-Burman morphosyntax. Current Issues in Sino-Tibetan Linguistics, Osaka: The Organizing Committee of the 26th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics.
- van Driem, George (1995). Een eerste grammaticale verkenning van het Bumthang, een taal van midden-Bhutan. Leiden: Onderzoekschool CNWS.
- van Driem, George (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.
- Hill, Nathan W., Overview of Old Tibetan synchronic phonology (PDF), Transactions of the Philological Society, 2010, 108 (2): 110–125 [2020-01-27], CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.8283
, doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.2010.01234.x, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-07-28）. - Hyslop, G., (2008a). Kurtöp phonology in the context of Northeast India. In: Morey, S., Post, M. (Eds.), North East Indian Linguistics 1: Papers from the First International Conference of the North East Indian Linguistic Society. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 3–25.
- Hyslop, G., (2008b). "Kurtöp and the classification of the languages of Bhutan." In: Proceedings from the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society 42, vol. 2, South Asian Linguistics, Case, Voice, and Language Coexistence. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
- Hyslop, G., (2009), "Kurtöp Tone: A tonogenetic case study." Lingua 119: 827–845
- 陸紹尊(2002). 門巴語方言研究 北京: 民族出版社.
- Michailovsky, Boyd and Martine Mazaudon (1994). “Preliminary Notes on the Languages of the Bumthang Group (Bhutan).” Tibetan Studies: proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies. Ed. Per Kværne. Vol 2. Oslo: The Institute of Comparative Research in Human Culture. 545-557.
- Shafer, Robert, Classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Word (Journal of the Linguistic Circle of New York), 1955, 11 (1): 94–111, doi:10.1080/00437956.1955.11659552.
- Tournadre, Nicolas, The Tibetic languages and their classification, Owen-Smith, Thomas; Hill, Nathan W. (编), Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area, De Gruyter: 103–129, 2014, ISBN 978-3-11-031074-0. (preprint （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)
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- ^ Shafer 1955.
- ^ Hill 2010.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Bradley 1997.
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