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菜粉蝶

菜粉蝶
合翅形態
展翅形態
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲: 昆虫纲 Insecta
目: 鱗翅目 Lepidoptera
总科: 鳳蝶總科 Papilionoidea
科: 粉蝶科 Pieridae
属: 粉蝶屬 Pieris
种:
菜粉蝶 P. rapae
二名法
Pieris rapae
(林奈, 1758)
亞種

共有17個亞種,詳閱正文。

全球性分佈及入侵時期
異名
異名列表
  • Papilio rapae Linnaeus, 1758
  • Pieris rapae var. aurea Rolfe, 1876
  • Pieris rapae var. similis Krulikovsky, 1890
  • Pieris rapae ab. praeteria Krulikowsky, 1908
  • Pieris rapae ab. immaculata Gauckler, 1899
  • Pieris rapae ab. nigropunctata Lambillion, 1906
  • Pieris rapae f. dubiosa Röber, 1907
  • Pieris rapae f. flavescenz Röber, 1907
  • Pieris rapae f. canadiaeformis Drenowsky, 1910
  • Pieris rapae f. subpunctata Kuhlman, 1916
  • Pieris rapae f. triangulata Verity, 1917
  • Pieris rapae f. tertia Verity, 1917
  • Pieris rapae f. secunda Verity, 1917
  • Pieris rapae ♂ f. bimaculata Verity, 1917
  • Pieris rapae f. zelleri Stauder, 1921
  • Pieris rapae f. rossioides Stauder, 1921
  • Pieris rapae f. phaiosoma Verity, 1926
  • Pieris napi ab. divisa Lempke, 1936
  • Pieris rapae f. pseudaestiva Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. lacticolor Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. fuscosignata Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. cordata Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. longomaculata Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. magnomaculata Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. obsoleta Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. disconulla Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. nigrans Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. infrapallida Lempke, 1953
  • Pieris rapae f. flavopicta Lempke, 1953
  • Artogeia rapae Hodges, 1983
  • Pontia rapae Grum-Grshimailo, 1890

菜粉蝶(學名:Pieris rapae,英文俗名:Small White, Small Cabbage White,別名:紋白蝶、日本紋白蝶、白紋蝶、菜白蝶,俗稱菜蟲)在台湾又名缘点白粉蝶,是屬於粉蝶科的一種蝴蝶,是粉蝶屬的一種。廣泛分佈於歐亞大陸大部分地區,並已入侵並立足於北美北非澳洲紐西蘭等地低至高海拔地區[3][4]。模式產地為瑞典[5]

一年多代。成蝶飛行緩慢,好訪花。冬季溫度低的地區以蛹態過冬。幼蟲寄主主要為十字花科植物,大多都是農作產物,所以菜粉蝶是族群密度非常高的農業害蟲。雌蝶將卵單產在十字花科蔬菜上,因此飯盒裡常能找到煮熟的幼蟲,爲了避免各類昆蟲啃食,農夫大多會施以農藥防治以達立竿見影之效。[6]

語源

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拉丁學名的種名rapae」源自古希臘語「ραπάνι」(rapáni),指蘿蔔(radish),也是菜粉蝶幼蟲的一種常用寄主植物。[7]

在台灣以外漢語使用地區,中文種名「」源於此種的幼蟲常以十字花科的蔬菜為食。在台灣使用的中文名字直接以屬名「白粉蝶」命名,皆因此種的族群數量多,分佈廣,足以作為本屬代表。而別名「紋白蝶」乃源自日文名稱「モン(紋)シロチョウ(白蝶)」。[6]

形態

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卵型稍胖,剛產的卵顏色較淡,開始發育後顏色轉深。小幼蟲的背中線呈淡黃色,且模糊。終齡幼蟲體側黃色虛線細,體表的藍黑色突起小。蛹的胸背隆起低,腹背兩側突起短而不明顯。[6]

成蟲軀體背面黑褐色,腹面白色。翅背面底色白色,前翅翅頂及翅基有黑褐色紋;M3及CuA2室各有一黑褐色斑點排成縱列。後翅翅基亦有黑褐色紋,前緣中央有一黑褐色斑點。翅腹面為帶黃色的白色,前翅亦有兩枚黑褐色斑點。低溫期個體體型較小,黑褐色紋色澤較淺。雌蝶的前翅翅基黑褐色紋較雄蝶明顯,由灰色鱗粉形成。[3][4][6][8][9]

形態近似的物種有:

習性

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幼蟲爬出卵殼後,會回頭噴食卵殼,作為孵化後的第一餐。幼蟲會取食寄主植物的葉片、花序和果實。幼蟲化蛹前通常會爬離寄主,在其他植物或附近雜物上化蛹。[6]寄主植物包括:[4][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

十字花目
十字花科 Brassicaceae
醉蝶花科 Cleomaceae
木犀草科 Resedaceae
  • 川犀草屬 Oligomeris
  • 木犀草屬 Reseda
旱金蓮科 Tropaeolaceae
白花菜科 Capparaceae
茄目
茄科 Solanaceae

成蟲一年多代。全年四季可見,冬季溫度低的地區或以蛹態過冬。出沒於海拔0-2500米地區的常綠闊葉林農田、鄉村及都市荒地、熱帶季風林、熱帶雨林、海岸林、常綠落葉闊葉混生林、常綠硬葉林。主要出沒於平原丘陵農田和周圍的荒地。牠喜歡陽性環境,在菜田等農田周圍飛行,又愛在菊科等各種花卉間飛舞。開闊的農耕地正爲其所好,因此成爲十字花科蔬菜的主要蟲害。冬季稻作休耕時,農民習慣種植油菜作爲綠肥,正好提供本種幼蟲大量的食物,每當油菜田裡黃花盛開,總是有成群的白色蝴蝶於田間飛舞。雌蝶將卵單產在十字花科蔬菜上。[3][8]

亞種

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  • P. r. rapae
- 指名亞種[15]
  • P. r. deleta Strand, 1901[16]
  • P. r. mauretanica Verity, 1908
- 分佈於北非[17]
  • P. r. transcaucasica (Stauder, 1925)
- 分佈於高加索亞美尼亞高原[18]
  • P. r. meleager Hemming, 1934
- 分佈於塔雷什山脈克佩特山脈[19]
  • P. r. kenteana Rühl, [1893]
- 分佈於俄羅斯阿爾泰薩彥嶺外貝加爾山脈遠東堪察加半島[20]
  • P. r. crucivora Boisduval, 1836
- 分佈於俄羅斯阿穆爾烏蘇里灣庫頁島[21]
  • P. r. debilis Alphéraky, 1889 = P. r. eumorpha
- 新疆亞種,分佈於中亞圖蘭低地天山山脈吉薩爾山脈達爾瓦茲阿賴山脈帕米爾高原[4][22]
  • P. r. leucosoma Schawerda, 1905
- 分佈於敘利亞巴勒斯坦地區約旦[23]
  • P. r. atomaria Fruhstorfer, 1909
- 分佈於達爾馬提亞[24]
  • P. r. micipsa Fruhstorfer, 1909
- 分佈於日本九州[25]
  • P. r. lysicles Fruhstorfer, 1909
- 分佈於日本[25]
  • P. r. tochica Peile, 1937[26]
  • P. r. originalis Bryk, 1940
- 東方亞種,分佈於中國浙江等地[4][27]
  • P. r. crucivorina Bryk, 1942
- 台灣亞種,分佈於香港台灣及俄羅斯千島群島[4][28][29]
  • P. r. yunnana Mell, 1943
- 雲南亞種,分佈於華南雲南[4][30]
  • P. r. bernardii Le Moult, 1945[31]

流行文化

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任天堂於2020年發行的《集合啦!動物森友會》中也有出現菜粉蝶。會於上午4時至下午7時在空中飛行。北半球於9至6月出現,而南半球於3-12月出現。[32]

參考

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  1. ^ van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Wiemers, M., Katbeh-Bader, A., Power, A., Benyamini, D., Tzirkalli, E., Balletto, E., Monteiro, E., Karaçetin, E., Franeta, F., Pe'er, G., Welch, H., Thompson, K., Pamperis, L., Dapporto, L., Šašić, M., López Munguira, M., Micevski, N., Dupont, P., Garcia-Pereira, P., Moulai, R., Caruana, R., Verovnik, R., Bonelli, S. & Beshkov, S. 2014. Pieris rapae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T174353A53720063.
  2. ^ van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J. 2010. Pieris rapae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T174353A7056010.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 徐堉峰. 臺灣蝴蝶圖鑑.上【弄蝶、鳳蝶、粉蝶】. 台灣: 晨星出版有限公司. 2013年2月10日: 303-304. ISBN 9789861776705 (中文(繁體)). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Chou, 1994. Monografia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium 1: 257 (简体中文)
  5. ^ Linnaeus, 1758; Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Clases, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Symonymis, Locis. Tomis I. 10th Edition Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 468
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 呂至堅、陳建仁. 蝴蝶生活史圖鑑. 台灣: 晨星出版有限公司. 2014年3月23日: 160, 194-195. ISBN 9789861777849 (中文(繁體)). 
  7. ^ ραπάνι页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). (2017, October 26). Wiktionary, The Free Dictionary.
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 日本チョウ類保全協會 [日本蝴蝶保護協會] (2012). フィールドガイド 日本のチョウ 日本産全種がフィールド寫真で検索可能 [野外指南 日本蝴蝶 所有來自日本的物種都可以使用現場照片進行搜索]. 東京: 誠文堂新光社. p92. (日語)
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Braby, Michael F. Complete Field Guide to Butterflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. 2004: 154-155. ISBN 0643090274. 
  10. ^ Seppänen, 1970. Suomen suurperhostoukkien ravintokasvit Animalia Fennica 14 (芬兰文)
  11. ^ K. L. & L. E. Dunn, 1991, Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life history and taxonomy. Pushlished by authors, Melbourne Review Austr. Butts. (1-4): (120-140)
  12. ^ Tennent, 1996. The Butterflies of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia : 1-217
  13. ^ Braby, Michael F. Complete Field Guide to Butterflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. 2004: 154-155. ISBN 0643090274. 
  14. ^ D'Abrera, 1977 Butterflies of the Australian Region (2nd edn) Butts. Aust. Region: 1-416
  15. ^ Stephens, 1827; Illustrations of British Entomology; or, a synopsis of indigenous insects: containing their generic and specific distinctions; with an account of their metamorphoses, times of appearance, localities, food, and economy, as far as practicable Ill. Br. Ent. (Haustellata) 1 (1): 19
  16. ^ Strand, 1901; Beitrag zur Schmetterlingsfauna Norwegens Nyt Mag. Naturv. 39 (1): 44
  17. ^ Verity, 1908; Rhopalocera Palaearctica Iconographie et Description des Papillons diurnes de la région paléarctique. Papilionidae et Pieridae Rhopalocera Palaearctica (13-14): 155, (17-20) pl. 33, f. 43-44
  18. ^ (Stauder, 1925); Pieridologisches aus Transkaukasien Ent. Anz. 5页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆): 4
  19. ^ Hemming, 1934; Some notes in the nomenclature of Palaearctic and African Rhopalocera Stylops 3 (5): 98
  20. ^ (Rühl, [1893]); in Heyne, Palaearkt. Grossschmett. 1 : 125
  21. ^ Boisduval, 1836; Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species Général des Lépidoptéres. Tome Premier Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lépid. 1: 521
  22. ^ Alphéraky, 1889; Lépidoptères rapportés du Thibet par le Général N. M. Przewalsky de son voyage de 1884-1885 in Romanoff, Mém. lép. 5: 70
  23. ^ Schawerda, 1905; [Bericht der Sektion für Lepidopterologie] Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 55: 516
  24. ^ Fruhstorfer, 1909; Neues über Pieris manni [sic] Ent. Zs. 23 (8): 42
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Fruhstorfer, 1909; Neue palaearktische Pieriden Int. ent. Zs. 3 (16): 88
  26. ^ Peile, 1937; Guide to coll. butts. India: 47
  27. ^ Bryk, 1940; Die von Prof. Dr. Lundblad gesammelten Gross-Schmetterlinge der Iberischen Halbinseln Arkiv Zool. 32A (22): 4
  28. ^ 菜粉蝶页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - 香港生物多樣性數據庫 - 漁農自然護理署 (繁體中文)
  29. ^ Bryk, 1942; Zur Kenntnis der Großschmetterlinge der Kurilen Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 56: 11
  30. ^ (Mell, 1943); Zool. Stuttgart 36 (100): 104
  31. ^ Le Moult, 1945; Misc. Ent. 41: 52
  32. ^ 賴浩然, 2020-03-30.【動物之森/動物森友會】攻略 3月昆蟲圖鑑 特殊出現及捕捉方法页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). 香港01. (繁體中文)

文獻

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17世紀
  • BLANKAART, S. (1688): Schou-Burg der Rupsen, Wormen, Maden, en Vliegende Dierkens daar uit voortkomende: Unpaginiertes Vorwort, 1-234, pl. I-XVI. Amsterdam (Jan ten Hoorn). (德文)
19世紀
  • Grum-Grshimailo, 1890, Le Pamir et sa faune lépidoptérologique in Romanoff, Mém. Lép. 4: 218
20世紀
  • Dyar, 1903, A List of North American Lepidoptera and Key to the Literature of this Order of Insects Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 6
  • Chittenden FH. 1916a. The common cabbage worm. USDA Farmers' Bulletin 766. 16 pp.
  • Richards OW. 1940. The biology of the small white butterfly (Pieris rapae), with special reference to the factors controlling its abundance. Journal of Animal Ecology 9: 243-288.
  • Harcourt DG. 1962. Design of a sampling plan for studies on the population dynamics of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Canadian Entomologist 94: 849-859.
  • Harcourt DG. 1963a. Biology of cabbage caterpillars in eastern Ontario. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 93: 61-75.
  • Radcliffe EB, Chapman RK. 1966. Varietal resistance to insect attack in various cruciferous crops. Journal of Economic Entomology 59: 120-125.
  • Lewis, 1974. Butterflies of the World: pl. 5, f. 5.
  • Higgins, L. (1975): The Classification of European Butterflies, Collins, London
  • Forster W. & Th.A. Wohlfahrt (1976): Die Schmetterlinge Mitteleuropas, 2, 2. Auflage, Franckh´sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart (德文)
  • Holloway & Peters, 1976, The butterflies of New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands J. Nat. Hist. 10: 295
  • Smart, 1976. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World Illust. Encyp. Butt. World.
  • Hill, D.S., Johnson, G., Bascombe, M.J. 1978. Annotated Checklist of Hong Kong Butterflies. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society 11: 1-62.
  • Higgins L.G. & N.D. Riley (1978): Die Tagfalter Europas und Nordwestafrikas, übersetzt von W. Forster, 2. Auflage, Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin
  • Dickson MH, Eckenrode CJ. 1980. Breeding for resistance in cabbage and cauliflower to cabbage looper, imported cabbageworm, and diamondback moth. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science 105: 782-785.
  • Lorus and Margery Milne. 1980. National Audubon Society Field Guide to Insects and Spiders. Knopf. (英文)
  • Pyle, 1981. Field Guide to North American Butterflies, National Audubon Society, 360.
  • Hodges, 1983. Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico Check List Lep. Am. N of Mexico, #4197
  • SCHWEIZERISCHER BUND FÜR NATURSCHUTZ [Hrsg.] (1987): Tagfalter und ihre Lebensräume. Arten – Gefährdung – Schutz. — XI + 516 S. (hier 149-150), Egg/ZH (Fotorotar AG). (德文)
  • Leraut P. (1992): Les papillons dans leur milieu, Bordas (法文)
  • Shirozu & Ueda, 1992.- Boisduval, 1836, Histoire générale et iconographie des Lépidoptères et des Chenilles de l'Amerique septentrionale, 1: 522.
  • Tuzov, Bogdanov, Devyatkin, Kaabak, Korolev, Murzin, Samodurov, Tarasov, 1997. Guide to the Butterflies of Russia and adjacent territories: Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Satyridae Butts. Russia adj. terr. 1, 168.
  • Tolman T. & R. Lewington (1998): Die Tagfalter Europas und Nordwestafrikas, übersetzt von M. Nuß, Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co., Stuttgart (德文)
  • Bascombe, M.J., Johnston, G., Bascombe, F.S. 1999. The butterflies of Hong Kong. Academic Press.
  • Ziegler, H. & U.Eitschberger (1999): Der Karstweißling Pieris mannii (Mayer, 1851). Systematik, Verbreitung, Biologie (Lepidoptera, Pieridae), Neue Ent. Nachr., 45, p. 1 - 217 (德文)
  • 周尧. 中国蝴蝶原色图鉴. 中國: 河南科学技术出版社. 1999-10-01: 257. ISBN 9787534923043 (中文(繁體)). 
21世紀
  • Capinera JL. 2001. Handbook of Vegetable Pests. Academic Press, San Diego. 729 pp.
  • Pyle, 2002. The Butterflies of Cascadia, 140.
  • Opler & Warren, 2003 (April). Butterflies of North America. 2. Scientific Names List for Butterfly Species of North America, north of Mexico.
  • 楊建業, 饒戈. 2003. 香江蝶影. 萬里機構萬里書店出版
  • Lamas, 2004. Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, #272.
  • Dennis, R.L.H. and Hardy, P.B. 2007. Support for mending the matrix: resource seeking by butterflies in apparent non-resource zones. Journal of Insect Conservation 11(2): 157-168.
  • Mark C. Williams. Checklist of Afrotropical Papilionoidea and Hesperoidea; Compiled by Mark C. Williams, 7th ed. (2008) (April 2007); Afrototropical Butterflies页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  • Pelham, 2008, A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada J. Res. Lepid. 40: 182
  • John, E., Cottle, N., McArthur, A. and Makris, C. 2008. Eastern Mediterranean migrations of the Small White Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera:Pieridae): observations from Cyprus 2001 and 2007. Entomologist’s Gaz 59: 71-78.
  • Wilkerson JL, Webb SE, Capinera JL. (2005). Vegetable Pests III: Lepidoptera. UF/IFAS CD-ROM. SW 182.
  • Van Driesche RG. 2008. Biological control of Pieris rapae in New England: Host suppression and displacement of Cotesia glomerata by Cotesia rubecula (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Florida Entomologist 1: 22-25.
  • Pfiffner, L., Luka, H., Schlatter, C., Juen, A. and Traugott, M. 2009. Impact of wildflower strips on biological control of cabbage lepidopterans. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 129(1/3): 310-314.
  • Russell, C. and Schultz, C.B. 2010. Effects of grass-specific herbicides on butterflies: an experimental investigation to advance conservation efforts. Journal of Insect Conservation 14(1): 53-63.
  • Korb & Bolshakov, 2011, [A catalogue of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilioformes) of the former USSR. Second edition, reformatted and updated] (in Russian) Eversmannia Suppl. 2: 27
  • Yakovlev, 2012, Checklist of Butterflies (Papilionoidea) of the Mongolian Altai Mountains, including descriptions of new taxa Nota lepid. 35 (1): 64
  • Leley, 2016. Annotated catalogue of the insects of Russian Far East. Volume II. Lepidoptera Cat. ins. Russian Far East. 2 : 1-812

外部連結

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