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自旋-1/2

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量子物理中,自旋表示一粒子所具有的內稟角動量自旋)為約化普朗克常數,其中包括了電子質子中子中微子虧子(夸克)。自旋-粒子在量子統計上屬於費米子,並遵守包立不相容原理

對自旋粒子進行自旋性質的量子測量會得到兩個值。有兩個結果肇因於所存有的向量空間的維度。自旋粒子的自旋量子態可以用一種兩個維度的複數值向量來描述,稱之為二元旋量。利用這種表示法,量子力學中的算符可寫成2乘2(2 x 2)的複數厄米矩陣

自旋投影算符意義上代表了沿著方向對自旋做的測量:

算符有兩個本徵值——,有各自對應的本徵向量

其構成描述自旋之希爾伯特空間的完整基底,即自旋的態可用這兩個態的線性組合來代表。這兩個態方便上稱之為「自旋向上」(spin up)與「自旋向下」(spin down)。

自旋算符S有些特質和角動量算符L相同,但其他特質則不相同。

可為自旋物體建構升降算符;其遵守和其他角動量算符相同的對易關係(交換關係)。

自旋投影算符的旋轉的兩個本徵值與前面相同(相應於測量的可能結果),但本徵向量則不同——為向量自旋算符;其中是一個順沿投影方向的單位向量,而

這些包立矩陣或稱包立旋量

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自旋-1/2
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