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腾格里

“腾格里”在古突厥文中的写法

腾格里突厥语𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃ẗŋr̈y→täŋri、täŋäri或täŋiri保加利亞語Тангра Tangra土耳其語Tanrı蒙古语ᠲᠩᠷᠢ Tngri英语Tngri達斡爾語:tangar /təŋgər/[1]哈萨克语:تاڭىر Тәңір 回鶻語 /tängri/;維吾爾語:تەڭرى tengri[2]),是古代阿尔泰语系一些游牧民族对于的称呼,是萨满教腾格里信仰的中心神灵。某些人[谁?]認為漢語的“天”與“騰格里”是同源詞。

“腾格里”一词最早出于匈奴时期,上古汉语撑犁[3][4]。匈奴君主单于的全称即为“撑犁孤涂单于”,意为「如天一般廣大的上天之子」[5]

其后,鲜卑柔然突厥以至蒙古等草原民族均继承了腾格里信仰。与突厥同族的敕勒发展出了“苍天”(Koke Tengri)的概念[6],突厥、回紇时期中古汉语作登里(登曷哩),而蒙古人将蒙哥·腾格里(突厥语是Mangu Tangri,蒙古语是Mongke Tangri,汉语译作长生天)作为最高信仰。在之后,由于受到佛教印度教等影响,腾格里被加上了各种称呼,分裂成为众多神灵,17世纪后甚至出现了“九十九腾格里”的说法。

今日土耳其语中,“神”一词为自腾格里转化而来的“Tanrı”,其穆斯林信众不但以此词称呼基督教上帝,甚至还在非正式的场合代替来自阿拉伯语阿拉之名。在欧洲可萨人保加尔人马扎尔人阿瓦尔人也曾信仰腾格里。德国历史学家弗里茨·霍梅尔(Fritz Hommel)认为该词起源自苏美尔人的“Dingir”,意为“神”或者“明亮的”。

与腾格里有关的地名

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参考文献

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引用

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  1. ^ Barbara Kellner-Heinkele; Brigitte Heuer; Elena V. Boykova. Man and Nature in the Altaic World. 2006 [2021-06-19]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-29). 
  2. ^ How to pronounce تەڭرى. [2021-06-19]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-28). 
  3. ^ 汉书·匈奴传》:“匈奴谓天为撑犁。”
  4. ^ 册府元龟·300》:“撑音田庾切。”
  5. ^ 《汉书·匈奴传上》單于姓攣鞮氏,其國稱之曰「撐犁孤塗單于」。匈奴謂天為「撐犁」,謂子為「孤塗」,單于者,廣大之貌也,言其象天單于然也。
  6. ^ 敕勒歌:“天苍苍,野茫茫”

来源

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  • 蒙古族腾格里观念的演变·胡其德
  • 突厥人的信仰
  • 腾格里信仰之圈页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Rafael Bezertinov 《Tengrianizm: Religion of Turks and Mongols》一书节选
  • 蒙古族的萨满教音乐页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Brent, Peter. The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan: His Triumph and his Legacy. Book Club Associates, London. 1976.
  • Sarangerel. Chosen by the Spirits. Destiny Books, Rochester (Vermont). 2001
  • Schuessler, Axel. ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. University of Hawaii Press. 2007.
  • Georg, Stefan. „Türkisch/Mongolisch tängri “Himmel/Gott” und seine Herkunft", "Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 6, 83–100
  • Bruno J. Richtsfeld: Rezente ostmongolische Schöpfungs-, Ursprungs- und Weltkatastrophenerzählungen und ihre innerasiatischen Motiv- und Sujetparallelen; in: Münchner Beiträge zur Völkerkunde. Jahrbuch des Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München 9 (2004), S. 225–274.
  • Yves Bonnefoy, Asian mythologies, University of Chicago Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-226-06456-7, p. 331页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  • Güngör, Harun. Tengrism as a religious and political phenomenon in Turkish World: Tengriyanstvo (PDF). KARADENİZ – BLACK SEA – ЧЕРНОЕ МОРЕ (Erdoğan Altinkaynak). Winter 2013, 19 (Winter 2013): 189–195 [19 June 2016]. ISSN 1308-6200. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于13 August 2016). 

参见

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外部連結

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