For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for 穴状配体.

穴状配体

采用X射线晶体衍射方法得到,内部封装有一个离子(紫色)的[2.2.2]穴醚晶体结构[1]
[2.2.2]穴醚

穴醚是一类人工合成的,可以与阳离子发生配位的双环和多环多齿配体。[2]“穴醚(cryptand)”一词是指该配体形如空穴,将底物分子容纳在里面。整个分子是一个三维的结构。因此与单环的冠醚相比,穴醚配合物更加稳定,对底物分子的选择性也更强。形成的复合物具有脂溶性唐纳德·克拉姆让-马里·莱恩查尔斯·佩特森通过对穴醚和冠醚进行研究,开创了超分子化学的先例,并因此获得了1987年的诺贝尔化学奖[3]

结构

[编辑]

最为常见且最为重要的穴醚是N[CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2]3N(右图),IUPAC名称为1,10-二氮杂-4,7,13,16,21,24-六氧杂双环[8.8.8]二十六碳烷,俗称[2.2.2]-穴醚。方括号内的数字表示在两个氮桥头之间每个桥上的氧原子个数。

全胺穴醚对碱金属阳离子具有极高的亲和力,通过穴醚与碱金属作用,可以成功得到含K等碱金属阴离子的盐类。[4]

性质

[编辑]

穴醚的三维内部空腔可以和外来离子紧密结合,形成的复合物被称为穴状化合物(cryptate)。结合能力最强的是较硬的阳离子,包括NH4+铵离子)和镧系元素碱金属碱土金属的阳离子。穴醚利用分子中的与这些离子配位,由于不同的离子与不同三维结构的穴醚结合能力不同,通过选取适当的穴醚,可以将不同的碱金属阳离子区分或分离出来。

与冠醚类似,大环穴醚一般也是利用胺和卤代烃的缩合反应制备的。但由于环系更为复杂,穴醚的产率通常不高。

用途

[编辑]

穴醚的制备较为困难,且价格昂贵;但是,与冠醚之类的其他配位剂相比,穴醚与碱金属离子结合更紧密,选择性更强。[5] 通过配位,穴醚可以将一般情况下不溶于有机溶剂的盐类溶于另一相中,用作相转移催化剂,加快化学反应的速率;[6] 也可以稳定碱金属负离子,使碱化物电子盐得以合成。另外,穴醚还可以帮助Sn92−之类津特耳离子(Zintl ion)的结晶

在製作核医学需要的顯像用藥物氟代脫氧葡萄糖(簡稱 FDG)時,會使用[2.2.2]穴醚來絡合反應物K18F中的鉀離子,提高放射性18F離子的親核性[7],以便將18F連接到脫氧葡萄糖中。

参阅

[编辑]

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ Alberto, R.; Ortner, K.; Wheatley, N.; Schibli, R.; Schubiger, A. P. Synthesis and properties of boranocarbonate: a convenient in situ CO source for the aqueous preparation of [99mTc(OH2)3(CO)3]+. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 121: 3135–3136. doi:10.1021/ja003932b. 
  2. ^ von Zelewsky, A. Stereochemistry of Coordination Compounds; John Wiley: Chichester, 1995. ISBN 0-471-95057-2.
  3. ^ Lehn, J. M. Supramolecular Chemistry: Concepts and Perspectives; VCH: Weinhiem, 1995.
  4. ^ Kim, J.; Ichimura, A. S.; Huang, R. H.; Redko, M.; Phillips, R. C.; Jackson, J. E.; Dye, J. L. Crystalline salts of Na and K (Alkalides) that are stable at room temperature. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121: 10666–10667. doi:10.1021/ja992667v. 
  5. ^ Dietrich, B. "Cryptands" in Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry; Gokel, G. W. Ed; Elsevier: Oxford, 1996; Vol. 1, pp 153–211. ISBN 0080406106.
  6. ^ Landini, D.; Maia, A.; Montanari, F.; Tundo, P. Lipophilic [2.2.2] cryptands as phase-transfer catalysts. Activation and nucleophilicity of anions in aqueous-organic two-phase systems and in organic solvents of low polarity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101: 2526–2530. doi:10.1021/ja00504a004. 
  7. ^ 王榮; 伍洲; 李彥生; 姜申德. 正電子發射斷層顯像中的氟-18 標記藥物. THE CHINESE CHEM. SOC., TAIPEI. 2006, 64 (2): 179–200. 
{{bottomLinkPreText}} {{bottomLinkText}}
穴状配体
Listen to this article

This browser is not supported by Wikiwand :(
Wikiwand requires a browser with modern capabilities in order to provide you with the best reading experience.
Please download and use one of the following browsers:

This article was just edited, click to reload
This article has been deleted on Wikipedia (Why?)

Back to homepage

Please click Add in the dialog above
Please click Allow in the top-left corner,
then click Install Now in the dialog
Please click Open in the download dialog,
then click Install
Please click the "Downloads" icon in the Safari toolbar, open the first download in the list,
then click Install
{{::$root.activation.text}}

Install Wikiwand

Install on Chrome Install on Firefox
Don't forget to rate us

Tell your friends about Wikiwand!

Gmail Facebook Twitter Link

Enjoying Wikiwand?

Tell your friends and spread the love:
Share on Gmail Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on Buffer

Our magic isn't perfect

You can help our automatic cover photo selection by reporting an unsuitable photo.

This photo is visually disturbing This photo is not a good choice

Thank you for helping!


Your input will affect cover photo selection, along with input from other users.

X

Get ready for Wikiwand 2.0 🎉! the new version arrives on September 1st! Don't want to wait?