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科普特语

科普特语
ϯⲙⲉⲑⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ / ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⲕⲏⲙⲉ
timethremənkhēmi / tməntrəmənkēme
“埃及人民的語言”
母语国家和地区埃及
語言滅亡大約於16世纪在日常生活中消失;現在仍然是科普特正教儀式語言英语Sacred language
語系
文字科普特字母
語言代碼
ISO 639-2cop
ISO 639-3cop
瀕危程度
联合国教科文组织认定的瀕危語言[1]
灭绝UNESCO
科普特字母表
本條目是
科普特
系列的一部分
ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙ'ⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ
'ⲛ'Ⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓ'ⲁⲛⲟⲥ
文化

建築英语Coptic architecture · 藝術英语Coptic art · 曆法英语Coptic calendar
科普特學 ·
十字架英语Coptic cross · 禁食英语Fasting and Abstinence in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria · 旗幟 ·
歷史英语Coptic history ·
文學 · 音樂英语Coptic music · 修道主義英语Coptic monasticism

地區

埃及 · 美國教会英语Coptic Orthodox Church in the United States) · 加拿大英语Coptic Canadians教会英语Coptic Orthodox Church in Canada) ·
非洲 ·
亞洲 · 澳洲 ·
歐洲 ·
南美洲

信仰

亞歷山大科普特正教會 ·
亞歷山大希臘正教會 ·

科普特禮天主教會 ·

科普特福音教會 ·

其他新教教會

語言

埃及语 · 科普特语

書寫系統

聖書體 · 僧侶體 ·
世俗體 ·
科普特字母

科普特语Coptic language),是晚期階段的古埃及語,形成于纪元前纪元伊始,人们开始借鉴希臘字母,創制出了科普特語的子音字母;又照古埃及文的世俗體文字,創制出了母音字母,由此設計完成了一套科普特語字母。公元3世纪,出现大量用科普特语誊抄的希腊文献,尤其是基督教经文迦克墩公會議后,亚历山大学派反对确立耶稣「一位二性」的信经,与罗马天主教分道扬镳,出现了科普特教派。科普特语言文字在科普特教派的信徒的使用中得到继承发扬。科普特语曾在埃及各地广泛使用,但后来逐渐被埃及阿拉伯語取代。现在,科普特语只在埃及科普特人的教會中使用。

文字

科普特文使用一種基本上完全從希臘字母衍生出來的書寫系統,外帶有著世俗體埃及文起源的一些字母。

音系

元音

單元音音位
前元音 央元音 後元音
閉元音  
半閉元音 eː   e   oː   o
中元音   ə  
開元音 a ɑ

輔音

輔音 IPA
雙唇音 唇齒音 齒齦音 齦後音 硬腭音 軟腭音 咽音 聲門音
鼻音 m n
塞音 p   b t   d c   ɟ k   ɡ ʔ
塞擦音 (t͡ʃ   d͡ʒ)
擦音 f s   z ʃ x ʕ   ħ h
近音 w j
顫音 r
邊音 l

文法

科普特語有主語-動詞-賓語詞序,但當有正確的前置詞在主語之前時可以是動詞-主語-賓語詞序。數、性、時態和語氣都用來自新埃及語的前綴指示。更早期的埃及語階段通過後綴來完成。一些後綴屈折的痕跡存留於科普特語中,主要用來指示不可轉讓所有關係和用在一些動詞中,比較中古埃及語形式 *satāpafa“he chooses”(在象形文中寫為 stp.f)與科普特語 f.sotp ϥⲥⲱⲧⲡ̅“he chooses”。

参考文献

引用

一般研究[编辑]

  • Emmel, Stephen. 1992. "Languages (Coptic)". In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel Freedman. Vol. 4 of 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. 180–188.
  • Gessman, A. M. The Birth of the Coptic Script. University of South Florida Language Quarterly 14. 1976, 2–3. 
  • Gignac, Francis Thomas. 1991. "Old Coptic". In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillian Publishing Company and Collier Macmillian Canada. 169—188.
  • Rodolphe Kasser. 1991. "Dialects". In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillian Publishing Company and Collier Macmillian Canada. 87—96.
  • Wolfgang Kosack Lehrbuch des Koptischen.Teil I:Koptische Grammatik.Teil II:Koptische Lesestücke, Graz 1974.
  • Loprieno, Antonio. 1995. Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hans Jakob Polotsky. 1971. "Coptic". In Afroasiatic: A Survey, edited by Carleton Taylor Hodge. (Jana Linguarum: Series Practica; 163). 's Gravenhage and Paris: Mouton. 67–79.

文法[编辑]

  • Henry Tattam, A compendious grammar of the Egyptian language as contained in the Coptic, Sahidic, and Bashmuric Dialects (London 1863)页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Marius Chaîne. 1933. Éléments de grammaire dialectale copte: bohairique, sahidique, achmimique, fayoumique. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
  • Eberle, Andrea, & Regine Schulz. 2004. Koptisch - Ein Leitfaden durch das Saïdische. LINCOM Languages of the World/Materials 07. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
  • Lambdin, Thomas Oden. 1983. Introduction to Sahidic Coptic. Macon: Mercer University Press.
  • Layton, Bentley. 2000. A Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect): With a Chrestomathy and Glossary. (Porta linguarum orientalium; N.S., 20). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Layton, Bentley. 2007. Coptic in 20 Lessons: Introduction to Sahidic Coptic with Exercises and Vocabularies. Peeters Publishers, ISBN 90-429-1810-1.
  • Mallon, Alexis. 1956. Grammaire copte: bibliographie, chrestomathie et vocabulaire. 4th edition. Beyrouth.
  • Mattar, Nabil. 1990. A Study in Bohairic Coptic. Pasadena: Hope Publishing House.
  • Hans Jakob Polotsky. 1987. Grundlagen des koptischen Satzbaus. American Studies in Papyrology 28. Decatur, Ga.: Scholars Press.
  • Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1988. Coptic Grammatical Chrestomathy: a course for academic and private study. Orientalia lovaniensia analecta 30. Leuven: Peeters.
  • Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1986. Coptic Grammatical Categories: Structural Studies in the Syntax of Shenoutean Sahidic. Analecta Orientalia 53. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. ISBN 88-7653-255-2.
  • Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 2007. Topics in Coptic Syntax: Structural Studies in the Bohairic Dialect. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 160. Leuven - Paris - Dudley, MA: Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-1875-7.
  • Till, Walter C. 1994. Koptische Dialektgrammatik. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.
  • Jozef Vergote. 1973–1983. Grammaire copte. Leuven: Peeters.
  • Younan, Sameh. 2005. So, you want to learn Coptic? A guide to Bohairic Grammar页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆. Sydney: St.Mary, St.Bakhomious and St.Shenouda Coptic Orthodox Church.

詞典[编辑]

  • Černý, Jaroslav. 1976. Coptic Etymological Dictionary. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wolfgang Kosack: Lehrbuch des Koptischen.Teil I:Koptische Grammatik.Teil II:Koptische Lesestücke, Graz 1974.
  • Wolfgang Kosack: Koptisches Handlexikon des Bohairischen. Koptisch - Deutsch - Arabisch. Verlag Christoph Brunner, Basel 2013, ISBN 978-3-9524018-9-7.
  • Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
  • Vycichl, Werner. 1983. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte. Leuven: Éditions Peeters.
  • Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.

語音[编辑]

  • Depuydt, Leo. 1993. "On Coptic Sounds." Orientalia 62 (new series): 338–375.
  • Loprieno, Antonio. 1997. "Egyptian and Coptic Phonology". In Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Including the Caucasus), edited by Alan S. Kaye. Vol. 1 of 2 vols. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 431–460.
  • Peust, Carsten. 1999. Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language[永久失效連結]. (Monographien zur ägyptischen Sprache; 2). Göttingen: Peust & Gutschmidt.

書目[编辑]

  • Kammerer, Winifred (compiler), A Coptic Bibliography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1950. (Reprint New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969)
  • Wolfgang Kosack: Der koptische Heiligenkalender. Deutsch - Koptisch - Arabisch nach den besten Quellen neu bearbeitet und vollständig herausgegeben mit Index Sanctorum koptischer Heiliger, Index der Namen auf Koptisch, Koptische Patriarchenliste, Geografische Liste. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-9524018-4-2.
  • Wolfgang Kosack: Schenute von Atripe De judicio finale. Papyruskodex 63000.IV im Museo Egizio di Torino. Einleitung, Textbearbeitung und Übersetzung herausgegeben von Wolfgang Kosack. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-9524018-5-9.

參閲

外部連結

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科普特语
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