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碳化铝

碳化铝
IUPAC名
Aluminium carbide
别名 三碳化四鋁
识别
CAS号 1299-86-1  checkY
12656-43-8  ☒N
PubChem 16685054
ChemSpider 21241412
SMILES
 
  • [Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[C-4].[C-4].[C-4]
InChI
 
  • 1/3C.4Al/q3*-4;4*+3
InChIKey TWHBEKGYWPPYQL-UHFFFAOYAR
UN编号 UN 1394
EINECS 215-076-2
MeSH Aluminum+carbide
性质
化学式 Al4C3
摩尔质量 143.95853 g·mol⁻¹
外观 淡黃棕色到無色(純淨物)晶體[1]
氣味 無味
密度 2.93 g/cm3[1]
熔点 2200 °C(2473 K)
沸点 1400 °C分解[2]
溶解性 水解
结构[2]
晶体结构 六方晶系, 菱面體, hR21
空间群 R3m(No. 166)
晶格常数 a = 0.3335 nm, b = 0.3335 nm, c = 0.85422 nm
晶格常数 α = 78.743°, β = 78.743°, γ = 60°
热力学
ΔfHm298K -209 kJ/mol
S298K 88.95 J/mol K
热容 116.8 J/mol K
危险性
GHS危险性符号
《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中易燃物的标签图案《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中有害物质的标签图案
GHS提示词 Warning
H-术语 H261, H315, H319, H335
P-术语 P231+232, P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+352, P304+340, P305+351+338, P312, P321, P332+313, P337+313, P362, P370+378
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

碳化鋁,又名三碳化四鋁,化學式為Al4C3,是一種碳化物。外觀為淡黃色至褐色晶體。在高達1400°C的溫度下仍保持穩定。它在水中分解並產生甲烷

結構

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碳化鋁具有複雜的晶體結構,由Al2C和Al2C2交替層組成。 每個鋁原子與4個碳原子配位形成四面體排列。碳原子存在於兩種不同的結合環境中:第一個是由6個鋁原子組成的變形八面體,距離為217 pm。另一種是扭曲的三角雙錐體結構,由190–194 pm處的4個鋁原子和221 pm 處的第五個鋁原子組成。[3][4]

反應

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碳化鋁會水解並釋放出甲烷。該反應在室溫下進行,但加熱會迅速反應:[5]

Al4C3 + 12 H2O → 4 Al(OH)3 + 3 CH4

其他質子試劑也會發生類似的反應:[1]

Al4C3 + 12 HCl → 4 AlCl3 + 3 CH4

將適當的Ti、Al4C3石墨混合物在約40 MPa下熱等靜壓,在1300 °C下持續15小時,主要產生Ti2AlC0.5N0.5的單相樣品,在1300 °C下持續30小時,主要產生Ti2AlC單相樣品。[6]

制备

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碳化鋁可在電弧爐中使鋁和碳直接反應製備[3]

4Al + 3C → Al4C3

另一種反應是從氧化鋁開始,但由於會產生一氧化碳,因此不太常用:

2 Al2O3 + 9 C → Al4C3 + 6 CO

碳化矽也會與鋁反應生成碳化鋁。這種轉化限制了碳化矽的機械應用,因為碳化鋁比碳化矽更脆:[7]

4 Al + 3 SiC → Al4C3 + 3 Si

在碳化硅增强的铝基复合材料中,碳化硅和铝熔体的化学反应生成了一层碳化铝覆盖在碳化硅颗粒表面,雖然增加了碳化矽顆粒的浸潤性,但降低了材料的强度[8]通过使用合适的氧化物或氮化物在碳化硅颗粒表面形成一层二氧化矽塗層能够降低发生这类反应的趋势。[9]

铝-碳化铝合金可以通过机械合金化或将铝粉和石墨粒子混合来制备。

產生

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少量碳化铝是电石中的常见杂质。在电解冶炼金属铝时,碳化铝作為石墨电极腐蚀產物。[10]

在以铝为基质并且通过碳化物(如碳化硅碳化硼等)来增大强度的金属基复合材料碳纤维中,碳化铝常常成为不受欢迎的产品。例如碳纤维与铝基复合材料在500°C之上就能够发生反应,而如给其覆上一层硼化钛则能抑制化学反应。[來源請求]

应用

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细分散在铝基复合材料中的碳化铝颗粒能降低材料蠕变的趋势,特别是在与碳化硅颗粒相结合时。[11]

碳化铝可作为高速切削工具的磨料[12],其硬度大致與黄玉相同。[13]

參考資料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Mary Eagleson. Concise encyclopedia chemistry需要免费注册. Walter de Gruyter. 1994: 52. ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Gesing, T. M.; Jeitschko, W. The Crystal Structure and Chemical Properties of U2Al3C4 and Structure Refinement of Al4C3 50. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, A journal of chemical sciences: 196–200. 1995. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Greenwood, Norman Neill; Earnshaw, Alan. Chemistry of the elements. 2016: 297. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9. OCLC 1040112384 (英语). 
  4. ^ Solozhenko, Vladimir L.; Kurakevych, Oleksandr O. Equation of state of aluminum carbide Al4C3. Solid State Communications. 2005, 133 (6): 385–388. Bibcode:2005SSCom.133..385S. ISSN 0038-1098. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2004.11.030. 
  5. ^ qualitative inorganic analysis. CUP Archive. 1954: 102. 
  6. ^ Barsoum, M.W.; El-Raghy, T.; Ali, M. Processing and characterization of Ti2AlC, Ti2AlN, and Ti2AlC0.5N0.5. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 30 June 1999, 31 (7): 1857–1865. S2CID 138590417. doi:10.1007/s11661-006-0243-3. 
  7. ^ Deborah D. L. Chung. Composite Materials: Functional Materials for Modern Technologies. Springer. 2010: 315. ISBN 978-1-84882-830-8. 
  8. ^ Urena; Salazar, Gomez De; Gil; Escalera; Baldonedo. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy study of the microstructural changes occurring in aluminium matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles during casting and welding: interface reactions. Journal of Microscopy. 1999, 196 (2): 124–136. PMID 10540265. S2CID 24683423. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00610.x. 
  9. ^ Guillermo Requena. A359/SiC/xxp: A359 Al alloy reinforced with irregularly shaped SiC particles. MMC-ASSESS Metal Matrix Composites. [2007-10-07]. (原始内容存档于2007-08-15). 
  10. ^ Jomar Thonstad; et al. Aluminum Electrolysis : Fundamentals of the Hall-Héroult Process 3rd ed.. Aluminum-Verlag. 2001: 314. ISBN 978-3-87017-270-1. 
  11. ^ S.J. Zhu; L.M. Peng; Q. Zhou; Z.Y. Ma; K. Kucharova; J. Cadek. Creep behaviour of aluminum strengthened by fine aluminum carbide particles and reinforced by silicon carbide particulates DS Al-SiC/Al4C3composites. Acta Technica CSAV. 1998, (5): 435–455. (原始内容 (abstract)存档于2005-02-22). 
  12. ^ Jonathan James Saveker et al. "High speed cutting tool" 美國專利第6,033,789号, Issue date: Mar 7, 2000
  13. ^ E. Pietsch, ed.: "Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie: Aluminium, Teil A", Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1934–1935.
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碳化铝
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