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已然語氣

已然語氣realis moods、現實式/實現狀/實然/現在、完成、習慣及進行與過去式)是用於表明事情為實際情況(實際是怎樣或實際不是怎樣;已經發生或正在發生的事件)一類語氣;亦即,用於表明事情的狀況為已知的一類語氣。最常見的已然語氣為"直陳語氣"或"宣告語氣"。因為並不是每種語言都有已然語氣下的子類別,所以在有些語言中,已然語氣等於"指示語氣"(indicative mood) ,因而在中文中,常有混用譯名的情況。[1][2]

直陳語氣

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直陳語氣(indicative mood)或證據語氣(evidential mood)用於事實性語句和有信心肯定為事實的情況。特定語言中沒有歸類為其他語氣的所有意向都分類為直陳語氣。它是最常用的語氣並且可以在所有語言中找到。[來源請求]比如:“保羅正在吃蘋果”或“約翰吃蘋果”。

宣告語氣

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宣告語氣(declarative mood)用於表示陳述為真而沒有任何限定件條。在很多語言中它等價於陳述語氣,儘管有時還是對它們作出區分。它密切關聯於推論語氣。declarative mood 在中文中沒有常見譯名。

一般語氣

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泛指語氣(generic mood)用於普遍指稱某一種類的事物,比如在“兔子跑得快”中,所講的兔子泛指各種兔子,而非特指某些比其他兔子跑得快的兔子。英語沒有構詞方法來區分一般語氣和直陳語氣;但是,區別可以從周圍的詞語的語境中輕易理解出來。比如:“rabbits are fast”或“those rabbits are fast”。使用了指示代名詞 those 則暗含了是專指特定的、確定的兔子,而省略了它就僅只預設暗含一般語氣。

古希臘語有一種一般語氣,所謂的“格言話語方式”,使用不定過去時直陳語氣(通常保留給關於過去的陳述)。它特別用於表達關於世界的哲學真理。

generic mood 為中文中沒有常見譯名。

參見

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註釋

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  1. ^ 蕭惠帆(Hsiao Hui-Fan),"5.2 實然--非實然與時--位的概念/從語法到教學論詞彙來去的趨向和情態(The Modality of lai and qu 'come/go' in Mandarin Chinese)"[1][失效連結],碩士論文[92NTNU0612010],臺灣師範大學,2003,ch5:p.7-9.
  2. ^ Белоусов В. Н. Наклонение. Русский язык. Энциклопедия 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. М.: Научное издательство «Большая Российская энциклопедия»; Издательский дом «Дрофа». Гл. ред. Ю. Н. Караулов. 1997: 246, 721. ISBN 5-85270-248-X (俄语).  (俄文)
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已然語氣
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