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祈願語氣

祈願語氣(optative mood)是指祝願或希望的語氣。它類似於鼓勵語氣,并与虛擬語氣密切相關。

希臘語(古希臘語和某些程度上的通用希臘語)[1]阿爾巴尼亞語喬治亞語古普魯士語梵語土耳其語是有祈願語氣的語言。

在英語中,祈願語氣通過使用情態動詞來表達(比如“ You might find what you're looking for”)。

羅馬尼亞語中,條件和祈願語氣有同一的形式,因此被稱為祈願-條件語氣。

古希臘語

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古希臘語包括柏拉圖所用的雅典方言中,祈願語氣用於各種目的[2],比如:

  1. 可能祈願語氣,在其中指示發生一個行動的可能性。“I would be happy to dine with you”。
  2. 祝願祈願語氣,如名字所指示的那樣被用來表達祝願,比如如下開始的句子“If only...”或“Would that...”。
  3. 條件句,組成自主句或“歸結子句”(apodosis)和從句或“條件從句”(protasis)。在這些句子中祈願語氣被特別用來傳達 Future Less Vivid 和 Past General 條件。
  4. “次生序列”。祈願語氣還經常替換從句內在直陳或虛擬語氣中的動詞,在這個子句受次生時態如未完成時或不定過去時的動詞支配的時候。

隨著時間流逝,在大約公元前 333 年亞歷山大大帝的征服之后形成了通用希臘語,祈願語氣的使用在很多希臘作者中消失。在通用希臘語寫的新約圣經中,祈願語氣主要用於特定固定表達如 me genoito“may it not be!”(e.g. Romans 7:7)。[3]

參見

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引用

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  1. ^ WikiChristian: Koine Greek - Optative Mood. [2008-07-25]. (原始内容存档于2008-09-27) (英语). 
  2. ^ Introduction to Attic Greek, Donald J. Mastronarde, University of California Press, 1993, pp. 245-247.
  3. ^ A Primer of Biblical Greek, N. Clayton Croy, Eerdmans Publishing, 1999, p. 199.
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