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條件語氣.
條件語氣（conditional mood）是用在條件句中提及事物的假設狀態，或視另一組境況而定的不確定事件的動詞形式。這種語氣因此類似於虛擬語氣，儘管有這兩種不同動詞形式的語言以不同的方式使用它們。
條件動詞形式還可以有時間用法，經常用來表達“過去將來”時態。
羅曼語言中的條件形式
儘管拉丁語在條件句中使用直陳語氣和虛擬語氣，多數羅曼語言發展出了條件變格范例。這些形式的演化（和羅曼將來時形式的創新）是文法化的周知例子，語法和意義上獨立的詞成為帶有高度簡化語義功能的規範詞素。羅曼條件（和將來時）形式起源自跟隨著限定形式的動詞 habēre 的拉丁不定式。這個動詞最初意味著在古典拉丁語中的“擁有／所有”，但是在后期拉丁語中被挑選為用作時間／語氣輔助的文法用途。詞序的固定（不定式 + 助詞）和 habēre 的曲折形式的語音簡約最終導致兩個元素融合成一個單一語法形式。
延伸閱讀
- Aski, Janice M. 1996. "Lightening the Teacher's Load: Linguistic Analysis and Language Instruction". Italica 73(4): 473-492.
- Benveniste, E. 1968. "Mutations of linguistic categories". In Y. Malkiel and W.P. Lehmann (eds) Directions for historical linguistics, pp. 83–94. Austin and London: University of Texas Press.
- Joseph, Brian D. 1983. The synchrony and diachrony of the Balkan infinitive: a study in general, areal, and historical linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-27318-8.
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| 已然語氣
(是什麼) | |
|---|
| | 非已然語氣 | 道義情態
(應該是什麼) |
- 言語行為理論 (promises, threats)
- 指令语气 (commands, requests, requirements)
- Deliberative
- Hortative (+ subtypes)
- 祈使語氣
- Jussive
- Necessitative
- Permissive
- Precative
- 抑制語氣
- Propositive
- Volitive (hopes, wishes, fears)
- Desiderative
- Imprecative
- 祈願語氣
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| 認識情態
(可能是什麼) |
- (inferences, possibilities, questions, etc.)
- Alethic
- Assumptive
- Deductive
- Dubitative
- Hypothetical
- Inferential/renarrative/oblique
- Interrogative
- Potential
- Speculative
- Subjunctive
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| 依賴情況
(會是什麼) | |
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