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益格

益格有益格缩写ben,是核心论元时写作b)是一种格,汉语相应的表达是“为了”“给”“用来”,如“她为张三开门”或“这本书是给张三的”。益格表达所标记名词的所指从从句所表达的情况中得到好处。

这个含义常常包含于与格。在拉丁语中这种与格被称作dativus commodi。

巴斯克语益格后缀是-entzat。克丘亚语益格后缀是-paq。藏缅语族的Tangkhul-那伽语益格后缀是-wiʋaŋ。

艾玛拉语中,益格以-taki标记,表达被变形的名词的所指从动词表达的状态中受益;没有动词时,被变形的名词则变成接受者。如下例:[1]:221

khuchijanakatakiw.
{khuchi-ja-naka-taki-w(a)}
猪-1POSS-PL-BEN-DECL
“为了我的猪”

益格也可以在应动语态下标记在动词上。

自益格

自益格用在施事和受益者相同时。莱茵兰德语口语中有这样的表达:

Ich rauch mer en Zigarett.

“我自己抽烟”,其中mer“我自己”不必须。

科隆语中,动词bedde“祈祷”做不及物动词时强制自益:

Hä deiht sesch bedde

“他在祈祷”。

类似地,法语中in informal but fully correct language:

Je me fume une cigarette. Je me fais une pause.

(字面:“我(为)自己抽烟。我(为)自己暂停。”)

正式语体下这些形式和反身动词同形。

类似结构还出现在英语口语中,功能上是反身代词,但形式上不是:

I love me some chicken.

(“我想要些鸡。”)

另见

参考

  1. ^ Coler, Matt. A Grammar of Muylaq' Aymara: Aymara as spoken in Southern Peru. Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas. Brill. 2015. ISBN 978-9-00-428380-0. 
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益格
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