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携格

携格方向格缩写lat)是一种,表达到某地的动作。[1]对应“到”“进”。携格与方位格离格都属于一般方位性格。

携格是乌拉尔语系语言的特征,是原始乌拉尔语即拥有的格。芬兰语埃尔齐亚语莫克沙语草原马里语中仍有携格。

也在采兹语支采兹语、别日塔语和赫瓦尔什语,以及南高加索语系语言中存在。

芬兰语

芬兰语中携格已经基本不再能产。仍在许多副词中出现:alas“下”、kauas/kauemmas“远处/向远处(移动)”、pois“走远”、rannemmas“朝向、靠近岸边”等等。携格后缀是-s。[1]

现代芬兰语中,它被方位性格和重读词后词组成的更复杂的系统取代,原先的-s与携格或方位格后缀混同并形成现代的内格出格入格和转换格后缀。

采兹语

东北高加索语系采兹语等语言中,携格还拥有与格标记动作接受者或受益者的功能。某些学者认为,尽管其后缀形式完全相同,但它们是两个不同的格。其他学者则仅出于区分语义的目的将它们分别从方位性格中列出。双及物动词“展示”(字面:“使...看”)的语例如下:

Кидбā ужихъор кIетIу биквархо.
kidb-ā uži-qo-r kʼetʼu b-ikʷa-r-xo
女孩:OBL-ERG 男孩-POSS-DAT/LAT :III:ABS III--CAUS-PRES
女孩给男孩看猫。

因为没有专门表示“拥有”的动词,与/携格i也用于指领属,如下:

Кидбехъор кIетIу зовси.
kidbe-qo-r kʼetʼu zow-si
女孩:OBL-POSS-DAT/LAT :ABS :PST-PST
女孩有过猫。

如上例中出现的与/携格一般都是和其他格,如领属携格的后缀相结合;与采兹语其他许许多多的方位性格一样,不应看做一个单独的格。它们其实是两种不同格后缀的结合,详见采兹语#方位格后缀

感知动词或情感动词(如“看”“知道”“爱”“想”)同样需要逻辑主语才能得到与/携格,注意这个例子中“纯”与/携格没有用它领属后缀的形式。

ГIалир ПатIи йетих.
ʻAli-r Patʼi y-eti-x
阿里-DAT/LAT 法蒂玛:IIABS II--PRES
阿里爱法蒂玛。

阅读更多

参考

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Mäkinen, Panu. Finnish Grammar - Adverbial Cases. users.jyu.fi. University of Jyväskylä. [6 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-11). 
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携格
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