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方位格

方位格(英語:locative case,缩写: LOC),也称位置格處所格處格第六格,是指示方位的。它含糊對應於英語前置詞“in”、“on”、“at”和“by”。方位格同方向格(lative case)和分離格(separative case)一起屬於普通局部格。[1]

在各種語言中的方位格

方位格存在於很多語言中。

印歐語言

原始印歐語有表達狀語功能的“在什么位置”的方位格。詞尾依賴於詞幹的最后元音(輔音,a-、o-、i-、u-詞幹)和數(單數或複數)。后來方位格趨向合并於其他格: 屬格或與格。[2] 某些后代語言把它保留為獨立的格。方位可見於:

拉丁語

方位格的使用在古典拉丁語中相當常見,用來指示在什么位置(我們可以對位置名前綴上“at”或“in”),這相反於“到哪里”(我們可以對名字前綴上“to”)。(“在羅馬”漫步不同於“到羅馬”漫步)。

第一變格方位格是迄今為止最常用的,因為很多羅馬方位名字是第一變格的: 通常是單數(Roma“Rome”,Hibernia“Ireland”因此是 Romae“at Rome”,Hiberniae“at Ireland”),但有些是複數(Athenae“Athens”,Cumae“Cuma”因此是 Athenis“at Athens”,Cumis“at Cumae”)。但是一些第二變格名字也有方位格(Brundisium“Brundisi”,Eboracum“York”有方位格 Brundisi“at Brundisium”,Eboraci“at York”等。還有拉丁語focus(“hearth”,象征性用於任何社會關注中心,有方位格foci“at the hearth”。)第三、第四和第五變格方位名很少或沒有方位格,但是第四變格的 domus“home”的方位格是非常周知的 domi“at home”。

注釋

  1. ^ 来源存疑
  2. ^ Buck, page 172

引用

  • Buck, Carl Darling. Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. 1933. 

外部連結

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方位格
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