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球基蘑菇

球基蘑菇
科学分类 编辑
界: 真菌界 Fungi
门: 担子菌门 Basidiomycota
纲: 傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes
目: 伞菌目 Agaricales
科: 伞菌科 Agaricaceae
属: 伞菌属 Agaricus
种:
球基蘑菇 A. abruptibulbus
二名法
Agaricus abruptibulbus
(Peck) Kauffmann (1905)
異名[1]

Agaricus abruptus Peck (1900)

球基蘑菇
查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板
查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板
真菌形态特徵
子實層上有菌褶
蕈傘為凸面 平坦
子實層自由下垂
蕈柄有環狀構造
孢印棕色
異養腐生真菌
可食用

球基蘑菇學名Agaricus abruptibulbus),俗稱突然的球根蘑菇abruptly-bulbous agaricus[2]扁球蘑菇flat-bulb mushroom[3],是一種擔子菌門真菌,隸屬於伞菌属[4]這種真菌可供食用,稍具茴香,且菌肉在遭碰傷或切割後會變成黃色。其菌蓋呈白色,部份染著黃色色調。其菌柄較長,且有一個球狀的底部。[5]

分類

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球基蘑菇最早是由美國真菌學家查爾斯·霍頓·佩克於1900年描述的,其學名為粗糙蘑菇Agaricus abruptus)。[6]於1904年,佩克將其學名改為現名。佩克指出,因為瑞典真菌學家伊利阿斯·马格努斯·弗里斯早前已將一個火菇屬真菌命名為「粗糙火菇」,恐怕人們與混淆兩者,故決定改名。[5]學名中的「abruptibulbus」源自拉丁文,意思是「球狀底部」,指的是其球狀的菌柄基部。[7]

部份美國真菌學家會使用其異名林生蘑菇Agaricus silvicola[8][9],而美國真菌學家史蒂夫·特魯戴爾和約瑟夫·阿米拉蒂更於2009年指出:「『球基蘑菇』一名原是取自其球狀底部,但不同標本中的底部形狀差異很大,因此這個學名已被大部份人拋棄。」[7]

描述

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球基蘑菇的菌蓋直徑能達8厘米(3.1英寸),呈白色,呈凸面狀,且有時候會有殼頂。在碰傷或切割後,其顏色會變成黃色。菌蓋在與氢氧化钾接觸後會變成黃色。[10]菌柄高8–12厘米(3.1–4.7英寸),厚1–3厘米(0.39–1.2英寸),呈白色,底部有球根,且—有著一個大菌環。其菌褶呈灰色,但隨著年齡增加會變成褐色。其子實層是自由下垂的。[11]其菌肉呈白色,在碰傷或切割後會變成黃色,並有著近似茴香的氣味。其孢子印呈褐色或紫褐色。其擔孢子的大小為6–8 x 4–5微米。[12]

類似物種

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  • 白林地菇Agaricus silvicola)與球基蘑菇的外觀及生境非常相似,但缺乏球狀基部。[10]
  • 野蘑菇Agaricus arvensis)與球基蘑菇的外貌相近,但其菌肉較為穩固,缺乏球狀基部,且在草地上生長。另外,其擔孢子亦比球基蘑菇大。[13]

生物累積鎘

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球基蘑菇能夠生物累積有毒元素,即這種真菌吸收鎘的速度比起釋放快,所以其平均鎘含量會比周邊泥土的鎘含量高。[14][15]此外,若在實驗室中培養,這種真菌能夠生物累積比自身多一倍的鎘。[16]這種真菌的生物累積鎘能力來自於一種低分子量的金屬結合蛋白质[17][18]

分佈及生境

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球基蘑菇廣泛地分佈於北美洲和歐洲,且美國[19][20]加拿大[21]德國[22]均有其出現的紀錄。這種真菌主要依附著雲杉生長,並且通常在夏末至深秋期間出現。[23]

參考文獻

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  1. ^ Agaricus abruptibulbus Peck 1905. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. [2011-09-22]. 
  2. ^ Roody WC. Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. 2003: 46. ISBN 0-8131-9039-8. 
  3. ^ McKnight VB, McKnight KH. A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Peterson Field Guides. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. 1987: 254. ISBN 0-395-91090-0. 
  4. ^ Mitchell DA, Bresinsky A. Phylogenetic relationships of Agaricus species based on ITS-2 and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia. 1999, 91 (5): 811–9 [2013-11-29]. JSTOR 3761534. (原始内容存档于2015-09-23). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Peck CH. Report of the State Botanist 1904. Agaricus abruptibulbus Peck.. Report of the New York State Museum. 1905, 94: 36. (原始内容存档于2012-12-14). 
  6. ^ Agaricus abruptus Peck 1900. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. [2011-09-22]. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Ammirati J, Trudell S. Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest: Timber Press Field Guide (Timber Press Field Guides). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. 2009: 191. ISBN 0-88192-935-2. 
  8. ^ Murrill WA. Dark-spored agarics: III. Agaricus. Mycologia. 1922, 14 (4): 200–1 [2013-11-29]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-23). 
  9. ^ Hotson JW, Stuntz DE. The genus Agaricus in western Washington. Mycologia. 1938, 30 (2): 204–34 [2013-11-29]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-23). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR. Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. 2007: 101 [2013-11-29]. ISBN 978-0-8156-3112-5. (原始内容存档于2014-01-03). 
  11. ^ Agaricus abruptibulbus - Mushroom Hobby. [2013-11-29]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-18). 
  12. ^ Agaricus silvicola - MushroomExpert. [2013-11-29]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-26). 
  13. ^ Miller HR, Miller OK. North American Mushrooms: a Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guide. 2006: 280 [2013-11-29]. ISBN 0-7627-3109-5. (原始内容存档于2014-01-03). 
  14. ^ Meisch H-U, Scholl AR, Schmitt JA. Cadmium as a growth factor for a mushroom Agaricus abruptibulus. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung Section C Journal of Biosciences. 1981, 36 (9–10): 765–71. 
  15. ^ Pelkonen R, Alfthan G, Järvinen O. FE17/2006 Cadmium, lead, arsenic and nickel in wild edible mushrooms (报告). Helsinki, Finland: Finnish Environment Institute. 2006. ISBN 952-11-2275-7. (原始内容存档于2011-05-22). 
  16. ^ Meisch H-U, Schmitt JA, Scholl AR. Growth stimulation by cadmium in the mushroom Agaricus abruptibulbus. Naturwissenschaften. 1979, 66: 209. 
  17. ^ Meisch H-U, Schmitt JA. Characterization studies on cadmium-mycophosphatin from the mushroom Agaricus macrosporus. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1986, 65: 29–32. PMC 1474717可免费查阅. PMID 3709455. 
  18. ^ Jablonski M. Isolierung und Charaterisierung Cadmium-haltiger Inhalt-stoffe aus Fruchtkörpern und Myzel des schiefknolligen Anischampignons Agaricus abruptibulbus (Peck) Kauffmann (学位论文). University of Saarbrücken. 1981 (德语). 
  19. ^ Field Trip Reports. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 1992, 119 (1): 101. 
  20. ^ Overholts LO. Notes on Fungi from the Lower Mississippi Valley. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 1938, 65 (3): 167–80. 
  21. ^ Pomerleau R, Cooke WB. IX International Botanical Congress: Field Trip No. 22: Quebec Fungi. Mycologia. 1964, 56 (4): 618–26 [2013-11-29]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-23). 
  22. ^ Gerhardt E. Checkliste der Großpilze von Berlin (West) 1970–1990. Englera. 1990, 13: 3–251 (德语). 
  23. ^ Rogers Mushrooms - Agaricus abruptibulbus Mushroom. [2013-11-29]. (原始内容存档于2008-11-18). 

外部連結

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球基蘑菇
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