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拟卤素

擬鹵素類鹵素pseudohalogen)是一類性质类似卤素無機化合物,其通式為 XY,其中 X 可以是氰基 CN氰氧基 OCN硫氰基 SCN 等官能基,而 Y 可以是上述的物質或是鹵素原子。如氰氣 (CN)2碘化氰 ICN 等都是擬鹵素。擬鹵素的特性是其官能基的反應類似鹵素,而且官能基中的雙鍵三鍵不影響其化學特性。

奈米團簇的(也被稱為超原子)有時也被視為擬鹵素,因為其化學性質和鹵素離子類似,而且會形成 Al13I2(類似 I3)及其他的化合物。這是由於小尺度下金屬鍵的作用所造成。

另一種類鹵素的配合物八羰基二钴 Co2(CO)8,(理論上)可視為四羰基鈷 Co(CO)4雙體。它可以分解為四羰基鈷離子 Co(CO)4-。HCo(CO)4 其實是相當強的,不過因為其對水的溶解度低,以至它的酸性比氫鹵酸要弱。

金负离子由於和碱作用发生歧化反应,以及能与氢原子形成共价键,被认为是一种拟卤素离子。[1]

性质

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拟卤素的一些性质列入下表:

拟卤素的性质
基团 游离态 离子 对应的酸 相关反应
Cl (参照) Cl2 Cl HCl(强酸) Ag+ + ClAgCl↓(白色)
2 Na + Cl2 → 2 NaCl
CN (CN)2 CN- HCN(弱酸) Ag+ + CN-AgCN↓(白色)
CP (CP)2 CP- HCP
OCN 氧氰 OCN- 氰酸根 HOCN Ag+ + OCNAgOCN
SCN 硫氰 (SCN)2 HSCN Ag+ + SCNAgSCN↓(白色)
OSCN英语Hypothiocyanite HOSCN(弱酸)
SeCN 硒氰 (SeCN)2 SeCN
TeCN 碲氰 不存在 TeCN-
OH 羥基 H2O2 OH H2O
SH 巯基 H2S2 SH- H2S
NO2 硝基
二氧化氮自由基
N2O4 NO2- HNO2
N3 叠氮 N3- HN3 Ag+ + N3AgN3
Co(CO)4 Co2(CO)8 HCo(CO)4 2 Na + Co2(CO)8 → 2 NaCo(CO)4
C(CN)3 C2(CN)6 C(CN)3- HC(CN)3
CS2N3[2] (CS2N3)2 CS2N3- HCS2N3

拟卤素和卤素类似,有氧化性,也有形成配合物的能力。卤素和拟卤素、拟卤素和拟卤素之间也可以形成“互卤化物”,如BrCN等。

參考資料

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  1. ^ Mudring, Anjy-Verena; Jansen, Martin. ChemInform Abstract: Base-Induced Disproportionation of Elemental Gold.. ChemInform. 2000-11-28, 31 (48): no–no. doi:10.1002/chin.200048020. 
  2. ^ Margaret-Jane Crawford, et al. CS2N3, A Novel Pseudohalogen. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9052-9053
  • New Scientist, issue 2495 (16th April 2005), pp30–33, "A new kind of alchemy", Philip Ball.
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拟卤素
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