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廣義座標

廣義座標是不特定的座標。假若,我們用一組廣義座標來導引方程式,所得到的答案,可以應用於較廣泛的問題;並且,當我們最後終於設定這座標時,答案仍舊是正確的[1]拉格朗日力學哈密頓力學都需要用到廣義座標來表示基要概念與方程式。

獨立的廣義座標

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當分析有的問題時(尤其是当有许多约束条件的时候),最好盡量選擇獨立的廣義座標。因為,這樣可以減少代表約束的變數。但是,當遇到非完整約束時,或者當計算約束力時,就必須使用關於這約束力的,相依的廣義座標。

在三維空間裏,假設一個物理系統擁有顆粒子;那麼,這系統的自由度。再假設這系統有完整約束;那麼,這系統的自由度變為。必須用個獨立廣義座標與時間來完全描述這系統的運動。座標的轉換方程式可以表示如下:

雖然我們可能會遇到複雜的系統時,這轉換方程式具有足夠的靈活性來選擇最合適的座標。在思考虛位移廣義力時,這轉換方程式也可以用來建造微分。

實例

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雙擺

一個複擺,被約束地移動於一垂直平面,可以用四個直角座標來描述。但是,這系統的自由度是2;我們可以用兩個廣義座標來更精簡地描述這雙擺運動:

這裏,

一粒珠子,被約束地移動在一條穿過它的鐵絲上,自由度是1。它的運動可以用一個廣義座標來描述

這裏,是珠子離鐵絲上一個參考點的徑長。這三維空間運動已被減縮為一維空間運動了。

一個物體,被約束在一個表面上,自由度是2;雖然它的運動也是嵌在三維空間裏。如果這表面是球表面,一個很好的選擇是

這裏,球坐標系的角座標。因為座標是常數,可以被忽略掉。

參閱

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參考文獻

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  1. ^ Torby, Bruce. Advanced Dynamics for Engineers. HRW Series in Mechanical Engineering. United States of America: CBS College Publishing. 1984: pp. 259. ISBN 0-03-063366-4 (英语). 
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廣義座標
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