布局 (围棋)
| 围棋 |
|---|
 |
| 游戏详述 |
| 历史与文化 |
| 棋手与棋手组织 |
| 计算机与数学 |
布局，又稱布石，围棋术语，指围棋的开局走法。一局棋通常分为布局，中盘，官子三个阶段。围棋以占地为目的。在布局阶段，对局双方各自抢占棋盘上的空地，同时尽量阻止对方占地，由此导入中盘战斗。布局和中盘的区分并不明确。有的对局在棋盘上所有“大场”（开阔的空地）被双方瓜分以后才进入中盘战斗；有的对局则从一个角上就开始激烈战斗并蔓延至全盘。布局阶段，落子尚少，盘面尚大，无法作精确的计算，因而考校的是棋手的大局观和棋感。
布局理論的發展簡史
古代中國圍棋，為了防止「模仿棋」以及限制先行優勢而實行「座子制」，即行棋前預先在角上四個對角星位各擺上兩顆白子和兩顆黑子後由白棋先著。公元16世紀日本廢除座子制。日本古代圍棋的布局講究行棋堅實，以小目開局為主，代表性的布局有本因坊秀策所創的「秀策流」。昭和時代，吳清源和木谷實突破了小目開局的慣例，嘗試以星位和三三開局，史稱「新布局」時代，由此開創了重視行棋效率和擴張速度的現代布局，後來，布局很大的程度上受到貼目新規則的影響。1970年代，武宮正樹將這一理念推向極致，創造了完全以星位開局（三連星），以中腹圍空為目的的「宇宙流」。
近年來中國棋手大量研究後多使用中國流布局，以及變形的迷你中國流布局，也被韓國，日本的許多棋手採用，成為近代棋戰中極常出現的布局。
布局的基本思想
圍棋有諺語「金角银边草肚皮」，即以圍空效率而言，角上最高，中腹最差。所以布局的一般順序也遵循由角到邊的原則。一局棋往往以佔角開始，繼之以守角和掛角（阻止對方守角）形成角上的攻防，然後是拆邊和分投（阻止對方拆邊），即所謂「佔大場」。布局時行棋以三四線為主，其中三線利於圍邊空，稱為「實利線」，四線利於形成厚勢，稱為「厚勢線」。棋手也因對實利和厚勢的偏愛，而分為「實利派」，「厚勢派」。
常見布局流派
現代圍棋多以小目和星位佔角開局，常見的布局為:
二連星
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三連星
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中国流
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小林流
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迷你中国流
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星無憂角
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布局的定式
参见主条目定式
挂角以后即形成角上攻防。角上攻防是布局中的重要部份，应对不当会导致全盘受制。因此长期以来人们都在探求各种情况下的最佳应对方式。经过长期研究总结公认的双方均可接受的“两分”着法就称之为定式。同布局流派一样，以占角方式不同，定式也分为
- 星定式
- 小目定式
- 目外定式
- 高目定式
- 三三定式
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