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圆柱体

一个直圆柱

数学上,圆柱(cylinder,cylindrical column[1])或圆柱体,古稱圓堡壔圓囷[1],是以一个圆为底面,上或下移动一定的距离,所经过的空间叫做圆柱体,包括直圆柱、斜圆柱。广义的圆柱,也包括椭圆柱(elliptic cylinder)。

圆柱是一个二次曲面,也就是说,一个三维曲面,满足以下直角坐标系中的方程:

这个方程是用于椭圆柱的,是对于普通圆柱(a=b)的一个推广。更一般的是柱体(column)——横截面可以是任何曲线

圆柱是一个退化二次曲面,因为至少有一个坐标(这里就是z)不出现在方程中。在有些定义中,圆柱面根本不视为二次曲面。

在日常使用中,圆柱指一个直圆柱的有限段,其两端闭合形成圆形表面,如右图所示。若圆柱半径r,长度为h,则它的体积

九章算術記載的公式是:「周自相乘,以高乘之,十二而一。」

而它的表面积

对于给定的体积,最小表面积的圆柱满足h = 2r。对于给定的表面积,最大体积的圆柱也满足h = 2r

也有几种不太常見的圆柱类型。这些是虚椭圆柱

双曲柱面

以及抛物柱面

参考

[编辑]
  1. ^ Gurel, M. & Pekgökgöz, Recep & Cili, Feridun. (2012). Strength capacity of unreinforced masonry cylindrical columns under seismic transverse forces. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering - BULL EARTHQ ENG. 10. 10.1007/s10518-011-9297-8.
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圆柱体
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