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克莱因瓶

浸入三维空间中的克莱因瓶

数学领域中,克莱因瓶(德語:Kleinsche Flasche)是指一种无定向性的平面,比如二维平面,就没有“内部”和“外部”之分。克莱因瓶最初的概念提出是由德国数学家费利克斯·克莱因提出的。克莱因瓶和莫比乌斯带非常相像。

要想像克萊因瓶的結構,可先試想一個底部鏤空的紅酒瓶。現在延長其頸部,向外扭曲後伸進瓶子的內部,再與底部的洞相連接。

和我们平时用来喝水的杯子不一样,这个物体没有“边”,它的表面不会终结。它也不类似于气球,一只苍蝇可以从瓶子的内部直接飞到外部而不用穿过表面(所以说它没有内外部之分)。

其名稱可能源自德語中的「Kleinsche Fläche」(克萊因平面),後來被誤解為「Kleinsche Flasche」(克萊因瓶)。德語最終也沿用了「克萊因瓶」這種稱呼。[1]

性质

拓扑学角度上看,克莱因瓶可以定义为[0,1] × [0,1]的矩阵,边定义为(0,y) ~ (1,y),其中0 ≤ y ≤ 1;和(x,0) ~ (1-x,1),其中0 ≤ x ≤ 1。

可以用图表示为

就像莫比乌斯带一样,克莱因瓶是不可定向的。但是与之不同的是,克莱因瓶是一个闭合的曲面,也就是说它没有边界。莫比乌斯带可以嵌入到三维或更高维的欧几里得空间,克莱因瓶只能嵌入到于四维或更高维空间。

参数方程模型

克莱因瓶的参数十分复杂:

还有一个较简单的

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ Bonahon, Francis. Low-dimensional Geometry: From Euclidean Surfaces to Hyperbolic Knots. American Mathematical Soc. : 95 [2021-11-09]. ISBN 978-0-8218-8465-2. (原始内容存档于2022-04-10) (英语). 
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克莱因瓶
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