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双原子碘.
双原子碘(化学式 I2)是碘元素的存在形式,由两个碘原子组成。在标准情况下,它是紫色固体。双原子碘会直接升华,从固态变成气态。它具有刺激性,必须小心处理。
和其他卤素一样,双原子碘可以与许多其他元素形成化合物。然而,它的反应性小于较轻的卤素,例如氟气和氯气。双原子碘与氢气反应,形成碘化氢:
![{\displaystyle \mathrm {I_{2}\ +\ H_{2}\longrightarrow \ 2\ HI} }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a9e5e9d379c76ec524b4142cec2b0dc9a02d914d)
双原子碘可以被还原成碘化物,是一种氧化剂,但强度弱于更轻的卤素。(E° = 0.54 V)。双原子碘可以氧化硫化氢,形成硫单质:[8]
![{\displaystyle \mathrm {I_{2}\ +\ H_{2}S\longrightarrow \ 2\ HI\ +\ S} }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a1bbf751e79e81d8a8ae2a35c51d668547f30b0c)
被肼还原:
![{\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ I_{2}\ +\ N_{2}H_{4}\longrightarrow \ 4\ HI\ +\ N_{2)) }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5f00d390b085f15184ad91589af0ef680b36e8a5)
双原子碘相对容易氧化,例如被硝酸氧化成碘酸:[9]
![{\displaystyle \mathrm {I_{2}\ +\ 10\ HNO_{3}\longrightarrow \ 2\ HIO_{3}\ +\ 10\ NO_{2}\ +\ 4\ H_{2}O} }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/75fb217d46829a9a5b6c5d9aaa55fbaf2d176ee8)
双原子碘和氯酸盐的反应也可以形成碘酸盐:[9]
![{\displaystyle \mathrm {I_{2}\ +\ 2\ {ClO_{3))^{-}\longrightarrow \ 2\ {IO_{3))^{-}\ +\ Cl_{2)) }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c297b0dc9b5c85121b6d9613be82b83016e643ed)
双原子碘和氢氧化物(如:氢氧化钠)反应,歧化成碘化物和次碘酸盐,后者再歧化成碘化物和碘酸盐:[10]
![{\displaystyle \mathrm {I_{2}\ +\ 2\ OH^{-}\longrightarrow \ I^{-}\ +\ IO^{-}\ +\ H_{2}O} }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2351a428ec6a8387c15f8416da9e596272026129)
![{\displaystyle \mathrm {3\ {IO}^{-}\longrightarrow \ 2\ I^{-}\ +\ IO_{3}^{-)) }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86c49016cba9d31f9c5c41db1f0ad3a295c8127f)
双原子碘在水中的溶解度很差,但在乙醇,氯仿,四氯甲烷和二硫化碳以及碘化钾的水溶液(Lugol溶液)中的可溶。双原子碘在含氧溶剂中的溶液呈棕色;在其他溶剂中的溶液呈紫色或粉红色。通过添加一定量的碘化钾可以增加双原子碘的水溶性,因为形成了易溶的三碘化物:
![{\displaystyle \mathrm {I_{2}\ +\ I^{-}\longrightarrow \ {I_{3))^{-)) }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0936f5224fe0d602c7dc074378701b8775a2e8ce)
双原子碘可以由碘化物被氯气氧化而成:
![{\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ I^{-}\ +\ Cl_{2}\longrightarrow \ 2\ Cl^{-}\ +\ I_{2)) }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/90ff9dffc7373240c27b9fa6f1801cda6df4ead3)
它也可以有二氧化锰在酸中氧化碘化物而成:[10]
![{\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ I^{-}\ +\ MnO_{2}\ +\ 4\ H^{+}\longrightarrow \ I_{2}\ +\ 2\ H_{2}O\ +\ Mn^{2+)) }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4e21e9b4d532f88e333134ca0b566d7140d701c)
- ^ 国际化学品安全卡7553-56-2
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 NLM Hazardous Substances Data Bank entry for [1], consulté le 5 mai 2010
- ^ 3.0 3.1 O'Neil, Maryadele J.; Smith, Ann; Heckelman, Patricia E.; Budavari, Susan. 5036. Merck (编). The Merck Index : An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station (N.J.). 2001: 2564. ISBN 0-911910-13-1 (英语).
- ^ Properties of Various Gases. flexwareinc.com. [12 April 2010]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-19).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Smith, M. B., Smith, M. B., & Nikonov, G. (2013). Iodine. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289x.ri005.pub3
- ^ The Molecular Iodine (I2) Crystal Structure (A14). http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/. [17 December 2009]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-21).
- ^ Numéro index Template:IndexCE dans le tableau 3.1 de l'annexe VI du règlement CE no 1272/2008 (16 December 2008)
- ^ General Chemistry (volume 2) by N.L. Glinka, Mir Publishing 1981
- ^ 9.0 9.1 General Chemistry by Linus Pauling, 1947 ed.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry by Cotton and Wilkinson, 2nd ed.
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