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碘酸盐

碘酸盐
碘酸根离子, IO− 3
识别
CAS号 15454-31-6  checkY
性质
化学式 IO
3
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。
碘酸根离子(IO3)的空间填充模型

碘酸盐碘酸所成的类,[1]含有三角锥型的碘酸根离子—IO3,其中碘的化合价为+5。它是碘在自然界中最常见的形式,也存在于大部分含碘矿物中。[2] 碘酸盐通常是无色的。

制备

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碘酸盐可由用硫醚还原高碘酸盐制得,副产物为亚砜[3]

MIO4+RSR’->MIO3+RSOR’ (M=阳离子)

结构

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碘酸根是三角锥型的。其中的 O-I-O 键角介于 105-97°之间,比氯酸根的 O-Cl-O键角小。[4]

反应

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在酸性条件下,碘酸盐会形成碘酸。 碘酸氢钾 (KH(IO3)2) 就是一种碘酸的复盐。 碘酸盐被用于碘钟反应

它和可燃物的混合物容易爆炸。[5]

氧化还原反应

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碘酸盐会被亚硫酸盐还原:[2]

6 HSO3- + 2 IO3- → 2 NaI + 6 HSO4-

碘酸盐氧化碘化物:

5 I- + IO3- + 3 H2SO4 → 3 I2 + 3 H2O + 3 SO42-

类似的,氯酸盐氧化碘化物:

I- + ClO3- → Cl- + IO3-

酸碱反应

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碘酸根离子不寻常的和碘酸分子结合,形成强大的氢键:[4]

IO3- + HIO3 → H[IO3]2-

H[IO3]2-离子被称为碘酸氢根

例子

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碘酸盐的例子有:

同为卤素也可形成氧化态为V的酸盐,称为氯酸盐溴酸盐,与碘酸盐的性质类似。碘酸盐有时可用于食盐加碘。

碘酸钾,类似碘化钾,在一些国家已被发布为预防放射性碘被吸收的方法。 [6][7]

溶解性

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碱金属的碘酸盐可溶于水,碘酸盐的溶解性相对相应的氯酸盐溴酸盐较差,铜、铝、钴、镍、锰、锌、锶、钙的碘酸盐溶解度较低,银、钡、铅、汞、锡、铋、镉、铁和铬的碘酸盐溶解度很低,且它们在乙醇中难溶;碘酸银可溶于氨水[8]

天然存在

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含有碘酸根阴离子的矿物非常罕见。它们几乎完全是从智利的矿床中得知的。 该矿床是硝酸盐矿物的主要来源,但那里也有含碘酸盐矿物和铬酸盐矿物。 最主要的碘酸盐矿物包括 lautarite 和 brüggenite不过含铜的碘酸盐矿物(如: salesite)是已知的。这些矿物中的碘是五价的,也就是以 IO
3
离子的形式存在。[9]

参考资料

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  1. ^ Merriam-Webster definition. [2008-06-17]. (原始内容存档于2007-09-30). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Lyday, Phyllis A., Iodine and Iodine Compounds, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH: 382–390, 2005, doi:10.1002/14356007.a14_381 
  3. ^ Qiu, Chao; Sheng Han; Xingguo Cheng; and Tianhui Ren. Distribution of Thioethers in Hydrotreated Transformer Base Oil by Oxidation and ICP-AES Analysis (abstract). Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2005, 44 (11): 4151–4155 [2007-05-03]. doi:10.1021/ie048833b. (原始内容存档于2008-10-05). Thioethers can be oxidized to sulfoxides by periodate, and periodate is reduced to iodate 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Greenwood, Norman Neill; Earnshaw, Alan. Chemistry of the elements. 2016. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9. OCLC 1040112384 (英语). 
  5. ^ Eulitz, Christa-Maria; Scheuermann, Sigrid; Thier, Hans-Joachim. Brockhaus ABC Chemie. Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus. 1965: 604. OCLC 5234786 (德语). 
  6. ^ Archived copy. [2013-04-08]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-17). 
  7. ^ Archived copy. [2013-05-22]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-18). 
  8. ^ Prescott, A.B.; Johnson, O.C. Qualitative Chemical Analysis: A Guide in Qualitative Work, with Data for Analytical Operations and Laboratory Methods in Inorganic Chemistry. D. Van Nostrand Company. 1901: 357 [2021-11-27]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-27). 
  9. ^ 存档副本. [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2001-03-02). 
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碘酸盐
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