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卤化氢

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卤化氢卤素原子(FClBrIAtTs)与原子(H)结合形成的共价化合物[1]。它们之间的共价键极性较强,在水中易电离。除氟化氢外,卤化氢都是强电解质。卤化氢包括氟化氢氯化氢溴化氢碘化氢砹化氢

分子性質

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卤化物 化學式 化學結構 模型 d(H−X) / pm
(气态)
μ / D 水溶液 pKa[2]
氟化氢
HF
91.7
1.86
氢氟酸
3.1
氯化氢
HCl
127.4
1.11
氢氯酸 (盐酸)
-3.9
溴化氢
HBr
141.4
0.788
氢溴酸
-5.8
碘化氢
HI
160.9
0.382
氢碘酸
-10.4
砹化氢
HAt
172
−0.06
氢砹酸
?
鿬化氢[3]
TsH[3]
197(预测) -0.24? 氢鿬酸 ?[4]

化学性质

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相似性/共性

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还原性:例如2HBr + Cl2 → 2HCl + Br2

氧化性:例如Mg + 2HClMgCl2 + H2

酸性:例如Fe(OH)2 + 2HClFeCl2 + 2H2O[5]這是酸鹼中和反應,放熱。

递变性/差异

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还原性: HF < HCl < HBr < HI[6]

酸性:HF(中强酸)<HCl(强酸)<HBr(强酸)<HI(无氧酸最强酸)[7]

热稳定性:HF > HCl > HBr > HI[6]

反应

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当卤化氢接触到水时,会强烈放热并形成对应的氢卤酸。除了氢氟酸,它们都是强酸,在水溶液会直接电离水合氢离子 (H3O+),从卤素族越往下酸性越高。氢氟酸由于自偶电离的作用,其强度取决于浓度,因此计算很复杂。 在非水溶液中,像是乙腈,卤化氢只是中强酸。

卤化氢会和(以及其它碱)反应,形成卤化铵:

HX + NH3 → NH4X

中有机化学中,氢卤化反应可以用来合成卤代烃。举个例子,氯乙烷可以由乙烯氢氯化反应而成:[8]

C2H4 + HCl → CH3CH2Cl

用途

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  • 氢氟酸HF水溶液):用于在玻璃上绘画、刻字。
  • 氢氯酸HCl水溶液,俗稱鹽酸):重要化工产品。用于金属表面除锈、制造药物(如盐酸麻黄素、氯化锌)等;人体胃液中含有氢氯酸。

参见

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參考文獻

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  1. ^ Greenwood, Norman Neill; Earnshaw, Alan. Chemistry of the elements. 2016. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9. OCLC 1040112384 (英语). 
  2. ^ Schmid, Roland; Miah, Arzu M. The Strength of the Hydrohalic Acids. Journal of Chemical Education (American Chemical Society (ACS)). 2001, 78 (1): 116. ISSN 0021-9584. doi:10.1021/ed078p116. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 de Farias, Robson Fernandes. Estimation of some physical properties for tennessine and tennessine hydride (TsH). Chemical Physics Letters. 2017-01-01, 667: 1–3. ISSN 0009-2614. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2016.11.023 (英语). 
  4. ^ de Farias, Robson Fernandes. Estimation of some physical properties for tennessine and tennessine hydride (TsH). Chemical Physics Letters. January 2017, 667: 1–3. Bibcode:2017CPL...667....1D. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2016.11.023. 
  5. ^ Fe(OH)2 + HCl = FeCl2 + H2O | Chemical reaction and equation. chemiday.com. [2021-01-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-06). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 怎样讲清卤化氢的稳定性_化学自习室. www.hxzxs.cn. [2021-01-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-06). 
  7. ^ Which is the strongest halogen acid? - Quora. www.quora.com. [2021-01-08]. 
  8. ^ M. Rossberg et al. "Chlorinated Hydrocarbons" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2
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卤化氢
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