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副傷寒

副傷寒
玫瑰色斑傷寒患者胸部相似副傷寒
症状發熱、頭痛、皮疹、虛弱[1][2]
起病年龄暴露後6到30天[1][3]
病程數週到數個月[1]
类型原发性细菌性传染病[*]沙门菌食物中毒[*]沙門氏菌感染症反向人畜共患病疾病
病因沙門氏菌[1]
預防洗手、清水[1]
治療抗生素[1]
患病率529,000人[4]
死亡數29,200人[5]
分类和外部资源
醫學專科感染科英语Infectious disease (medical specialty)
ICD-111A08
ICD-9-CM002.2、​002.9、​002.3、​002.1
DiseasesDB33218
Orphanet443227
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

副傷寒是一種由腸道沙門氏菌引起的疾病,目前已知有三種血清型可造成該疾病[1]。症狀與傷寒相當類似,且通常發生於接觸細菌後的6至30天[1][3]。 通常會逐漸地在幾天內發展出高燒,其他像是感到虛弱、沒有食慾以及頭痛也都相當常見。[1]有些人會在皮膚上表現出玫瑰色紅斑[2]。如果沒有接受治療,症狀將持續數周甚至數月[1]。 有部分的人可能會攜帶著細菌卻不會遭受感染,即便如此,還是具備傳染其他人的能力[3]。 傷寒和副傷寒的嚴重度相似[3],兩者所造成的熱病皆屬於腸熱[4]

副傷寒是由生長於 腸道血液中的腸道沙門氏菌所引起,目前已知有A、B、C三種血清型。已感染者的糞便含有沙門氏菌,藉由汙染食物和水來傳播疾病[1]。感染者很有可能在準備食物時,因為清潔不完全而污染食物[2]。在公共衛生環境較差的擁擠城區,也容易傳播副傷寒[6]。少數狀況下經由性接觸而傳染。人類是目前已知唯一會受感染的動物[1]。根據血液、糞便或骨髓細菌培養英语bacterial culture或是偵測細菌脫氧核醣核酸的結果來進行診斷[1][3]。培養腸道沙門氏菌並不容易[3]。骨髓檢查是最為準確的[6]。副傷寒與許多類似的疾病症狀相似[3],常見會與斑疹傷寒做鑑別診斷[7]

目前還未有針對副傷寒的疫苗,有報告指出傷寒疫苗有些許效用[1][2]。不要使用被汙染的飲用水、改善公共環境衛生、常洗手可以有效避免疾病發生。目前可以使用阿奇霉素作為抗生素進行治療,但目前對於抗生素的耐受性高,相當常見[1]

副傷寒每年約影響六百萬人[1][8]。在部分的亞洲是相當常見的疾病,但在已開發國家相當少見[1][2]。大多為A型副傷寒,B型和C型副傷寒較為少見[3]。2015年副傷寒造成將近59,200人死亡,僅略低於1990年的63,000人[5][9]。如果沒有及時接受治療,將有百分之十到十五的死亡率;如果接受治療的話,死亡率將在百分之一以下[3]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Anna E. Newton. 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel. CDC health information for international travel 2014 : the yellow book. 2014 [2017-04-18]. ISBN 9780199948499. (原始内容存档于2015-07-02). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Jeremy Hawker. 3.56. Communicable disease control and health protection handbook 3rd. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 2012 [2017-04-18]. ISBN 9781444346947. (原始内容存档于2020-09-27). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Alan J. Magill. Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases 9th. London: Saunders/Elsevier. 2013: 568–572 [2017-04-18]. ISBN 9781455740437. (原始内容存档于2017-02-28). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Wain, John; Hendriksen, Rene S.; Mikoleit, Matthew L.; Keddy, Karen H.; Ochiai, R. Leon. Typhoid fever. The Lancet. 2015-03-21, 385 (9973): 1136–1145 [2017-04-18]. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 25458731. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62708-7. (原始内容存档于2014-11-11) (英语). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.. Lancet (London, England). 2016-10-08, 388 (10053): 1459–1544. PMID 27733281. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Crump, JA; Mintz, ED. Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever.. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2010-01-15, 50 (2): 241–6. PMC 2798017可免费查阅. PMID 20014951. doi:10.1086/649541. 
  7. ^ Cunha BA. Osler on typhoid fever: differentiating typhoid from typhus and malaria. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. March 2004, 18 (1): 111–25. PMID 15081508. doi:10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00094-1. 
  8. ^ Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.. Lancet (London, England). 2015-08-22, 386 (9995): 743–800. PMC 4561509可免费查阅. PMID 26063472. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4. 
  9. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.. Lancet. 2014-12-17, 385 (9963): 117–71. PMC 4340604可免费查阅. PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. 

參考


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副傷寒
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