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刺胞動物門

刺胞動物門
化石时期:580–0 Ma
埃迪卡拉纪–現今
刺胞動物四例:
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
亚界: 真後生動物亞界 Eumetazoa
演化支 副同源异形基因动物 ParaHoxozoa
门: 刺胞動物門 Cnidaria
Hatschek, 1888
亞門[4]

刺胞動物門學名Cnidaria)又名刺丝胞动物门,泛称刺胞类,是真后生动物亚界下的一个,有約1.6萬個物种[5],包括水母水螅珊瑚海葵等動物,皆生活於水中(包括淡、海水或其他鹹水棲境)。

刺胞動物曾經和櫛水母一起組成腔腸動物門,但隨着對這兩種動物的差異的認識,愈來愈多學者同意應該將櫛水母從刺胞動物獨立出來。

近期的系统发生学分析支持刺胞動物是一個单系群,而且與两侧对称动物姐妹群關係[6]。在大約5.8億年前形成的岩石中發現了刺胞動物的化石,其他化石表明珊瑚可能在4.9億年前左右才出現,並在幾百萬年後出現多樣化。然而,線粒體基因的分子鐘分析表明,冠群的年齡要大得多,估計大約有7.41億年前,在寒武紀以至任何化石出現的時期還要早2億年[7]

刺絲胞动物有如下特点:

  • 大部分為肉食性,少部分種類獲得能量來自於體內共生生物光合作用得來的。
  • 其躯干呈辐射对称,水生,大多固着生活
  • 体壁由两层细胞组成,表皮表皮,两者之间有一层凝胶状的中胶层,起支持作用。
  • 有肠腔,有一围口部(Peristom),既是口也是肛门
  • 有超过20种的刺絲胞英语Cnidocyte,刺絲胞中含有刺丝囊。刺丝囊一端的鬃样突起的刺针,受刺激时,激起刺丝囊排空。刺絲胞的表面有突出,胞体内有棍状结构。刺胞内有高尔机体分泌物质,在压力作用下会释放。
  • 在肠腔中进行胞外消化
  • 弥散的神经系统,呈网状,稱神經網(nerve net)
  • 水母体有感觉器官,能感受重力
  • 雌雄同體或異體

註釋

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  1. ^ 新分出,原缽水母綱立方水母目(Cubomedusae)[2]
  2. ^ 新分出,原缽水母綱十字水母目(Stauromedusae)[2]

參考文獻

[编辑]
  1. ^ Subphylum Medusozoa. ITIS. [2018-03-18]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Maruques & Collins (2004)
  3. ^ Collins, A.G. Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the Evolution of Cnidarian Life Cycles. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2002-05, 15 (3): 418–432. S2CID 11108911. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x可免费查阅. 
  4. ^ Subphyla Anthozoa and Medusozoa based on The Taxonomicon – Taxon: Phylum Cnidaria. Universal Taxonomic Services. [2007-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2007-09-29). 
  5. ^ Zhang, Zhi-Qiang. Animal biodiversity: An update of classification and diversity in 2013. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa. 2013-08-30, 3703 (1): 5 [2020-04-11]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.3. (原始内容存档于2019-04-24). 
  6. ^ Zapata F, Goetz FE, Smith SA, Howison M, Siebert S, Church SH, et al. Phylogenomic Analyses Support Traditional Relationships within Cnidaria.. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (10): e0139068. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1039068Z. PMC 4605497可免费查阅. PMID 26465609. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139068. 
  7. ^ Park E, Hwang D, Lee J, Song J, Seo T, Won Y. Estimation of divergence times in cnidarian evolution based on mitochondrial protein-coding genes and the fossil record.. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 2012-01, 62 (1): 329–45. PMID 22040765. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.008. 

外部連結

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刺胞動物門
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