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分类变量

分类变量或称类别变量统计学中的有限多个取值的变量,其每个值对应于定性属性英语qualitative property的特定分组(group)或定类类别英语nominal category[1]在计算机科学或一些数学分支中,分类变量对应于列举法枚举类型。通常,分类变量的每个值成为一个level。其概率分布称为分类分布英语categorical distribution

分类数据(Categorical data)是一种统计数据类型英语Statistical data type,由分类变量及其数据组成。具体说,分类数据可从定性数据计数汇总或生成列联表,或从定量数据按照给定的间隔分组得到。

分类变量如果只可能有两个取值,被称为二值变量英语binary variable(binary variable或dichotomous variable),如伯努利变量。分类变量如果取多于2个值,成为多值变量(polytomous variables)。

分类变量的例子

表示法

为使统计处理简便,分类变量可以赋以数值索引值,如从1到K,对于K值分类变量。这种表示可以用于相等比较、作为集合的元素做集合运算。

分类变量的集合的集中趋势可用众数表示,但不能定义均值中位数

可能值的数量

分类的随机变量用统计学的分类分布英语categorical distribution,允许任意K值分类变量用每个值的单独的概率来表示(即K值的离散概率分布)。这种多值分类变量常用多项分布来分析。分类结果的回归分析是通过多项逻辑回归、multinomial probit英语multinomial probit或相关的discrete choice英语discrete choice模型。

分类变量也可以只有两种可能结果,称为二值变量或伯努利变量。由于重要性,这种情形常被视作独立分布(伯努利分布)、独立的回归模型(逻辑回归、probit regression英语probit regression等)。反之,分类变量常被用于指大于等于3种结果,或称“多值变量”(multi-way variable)。

参考文献

  1. ^ Yates, Daniel S.; Moore, David S; Starnes, Daren S. The Practice of Statistics 2nd. New York: Freeman. 2003 [2014-09-28]. ISBN 978-0-7167-4773-4. (原始内容存档于2005-02-09). 

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分类变量
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