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共伯和

共伯和是在西周周厉王周宣王之间(前841年至前827年)执政的诸侯。因不同历史文献有异说,他的具体身份和角色在学术界仍存在一定争议。一说为共国(在今辉县)国君,名和[1]。一说“共伯和”为卫武公的別稱[2]

竹书纪年》记载,前841年,周厉王暴政引起国人暴动,厉王逃到彘邑(今山西霍州市),太子静(后为周宣王)藏在召穆公家里,史称彘之乱。共伯和受诸侯推举,“行天子事,号曰‘共和元年’”。史称这段时期为“共和”。共和十四年,周厲王駕崩,即归政于周宣王,共和時期結束。而自己“逍遥得志于共山之首”[3]。另外,共和元年为中国历史上有确切纪年的开始。

共和还有一种说法,仅见于《史记·周本紀》,称所谓共和指周公、召公两卿行政[4]。这里的召公为召穆公虎,而同一时期文献中却没有记载周公的名号(周定公一说出自伪《今本竹书纪年》),所以后代学者多有怀疑[5]

最近发现的清华简中有一部编年体史书叫《繫年》,《系年》记载:「厉王大虐于周,卿李、诸正、万民弗刃于厥心,乃归厉王于彘,共伯和立。十又四年,厉王生宣王,宣王即位,共伯和归于宋。」

注释

[编辑]
  1. ^ 《史记索隐》引《竹书纪年》:“共伯和干王位”,司马贞注:“共国伯爵,和其名。”另郭沫若《两周金文辞大系考释》、杨树达《积微居金文说》和日本学者白川静《西周史略》等举西周晚期金文材料中的“白龢父”即为共伯和,且铭文中称他为“皇君”。
  2. ^ 《史记正义》引《鲁连子》“卫州共城县本周共伯之国也。共伯名和,好行仁义,诸侯贤之。周厉王无道,国人作难,王奔于彘,诸侯奉和以行天子事,号曰‘共和’元年。十四年,厉王死于彘,共伯使诸侯奉王子靖为宣王,而共伯复归国于卫也。” ,另见顾颉刚“共和”一文,出《史林杂识初编》(中华书局)。
  3. ^ 太平御览》卷879引《竹书纪年》
  4. ^ 司馬遷. 周本紀. 史記. [-61]. 
  5. ^ 梁玉绳《史记志疑》认为此说不足信:《左传》称“诸侯释位,以间王政,宣王有志,而后效官。则知厉、宣之间诸侯有代王行政者矣。周、召本王朝卿土,倘果摄天子之事,不可言释位。别立名称若后世之年号,古亦无此法。故颜师古以史公之说为无据也。考《竹书纪年》、《庄子·让王》篇、《吕氏春秋·开春》篇及《索隐》引《世纪》、《正义》引《鲁连子》,并以共和为共伯和。”
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共伯和
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