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有情

有情梵語सत्त्वIAST:sattva)或有情眾生,乃為佛教術語,音譯為薩埵薩多波,舊譯為眾生,或稱為含识[1],即一切有心識、有感情、有見聞覺知之生命體。相对於有情,草木、土石、山河、大地等則稱為非情或无情。梵語「sattva」亦帶有「存有」、「存在」(或存有者、存在者)、「生者」、「真者」、「實者」之義。眾生 眾多生死的意思

印度教數論中,有情是物質的三種特性(也稱三德)之一。

有情的分類

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由於有情眾生的差別不同,由無數不同的業就形成無數不同種類的眾生。但也可分為幾大類,分類的方法有數種,其中五趣、六趣最常見。值得注意的是,佛教的眾生平等指佛性(众生皆有佛性)的平等,非果位成就的平等,故一方面強調不殺生、一方面強調三善道與三惡道(人道與畜生道)之別。

  • 五趣地獄餓鬼畜生
  • 六趣地獄餓鬼畜生阿修羅
  • 七識住:身異想異處、身異想一處、身一想異處、身一想一處、空無邊處、識無邊處、無所有處
  • 九有情居(或稱九有):欲界的人與天,初禪天、二禪天、三禪天、四禪天的無想天、空處、識處、無所有處、非想非非想處 不是想 不是非想
  • 六十二種有情[2]:那落迦、旁生、鬼、天、人、剎帝利、婆羅門、吠舍、戍陀羅、女、男、非男非女、劣、中、妙、在家、出家、苦行、非苦行、律儀、不律儀、非律儀非不律儀、離欲、未離欲、邪性定聚、正性定聚、不定性聚、苾芻、苾芻尼、正學、勤策男、勤策女、近事男、近事女、習斷者、習誦者、淨施人、宿長、中年、少年、軌範師、親教師、共住弟子及近住弟子、賓客、營僧事者、貪利養恭敬者、厭捨者、多聞者、大福智者、法隨法行者、持經者、持律者、持論者、異生、見諦、有學、無學、聲聞、獨覺、菩薩、如來、轉輪王。

注釋

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  1. ^ 例如:《八十八佛大忏悔文》中头二句即为“大慈大悲愍众生,大喜大舍济含识。”
  2. ^ 瑜伽師地論》卷二,列有六十二種有情

相關條目

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有情
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