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不變量

假若,在某種變換下,一個系統的某物理量保持不變,則稱此物理量為不變量invariant)。例如,在伽利略變換下,時間是個不變量;在勞侖茲變換下,光速靜質量電荷量等等,都是不變量。這類變換表達出不同觀察者的參考系之間的關係。例如,在火車站台的查票員的參考系,與在移動中的火車內的乘客的參考系,這兩個參考系之間的關係。

假若,在某種變換下,一個系統的某物理性質保持不變,則稱此物理性質為不變性invariance)。例如,在內積空間內,對於任意旋轉向量內積保持不變,稱此性質為旋轉不變性

根據諾特定理,對於一種變換,每一種不變性代表一條基本的守恆定律。例如,對於平移變換的不變性導致動量守恆定律,對於時間演化英语time evolution的不變性導致能量守恆定律

在現代理論物理裏,不變性是很重要的概念。許多理論是由對稱性與不變性表達。

張量數學裏,協變性與反變性是不變性的數學性質的推廣。在電磁學相對論裏,時常會應用到這些概念。

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不變量
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