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动量守恒定律

动量守恒定律(Conservation of momentum):如果物体受到外力的合力为零,则系统内各物体动量向量和保持不变,系統質心維持原本的運動狀態[1]

数学表示

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以用p表示动量,

或者

一般會表示成

动量守恒定律应用条件

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动量守恒定律严格成立的条件是物理系统受到的合外力为零。在实际计算中,如系统内部的物体之间相互作用的內力远远大于外力,相对于内力,可以忽略外力,此时动量守恒定律近似成立。例如物体由于爆炸分割为多个小物体,此时爆炸产生的力远大于空气阻力。所以可认为在爆炸过程中,该物体系统(爆炸后系统由各个小物体组成)动量守恒。若在某一个方向上,合外力的分量为零,则该方向的动量守恒,即动量在该方向的分量守恒。(根据运动的分解与合成和力的独立作用原理可推知)

动量守恒定律的本质

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论证动量守恒定律的牛顿摆

动量守恒定律是空间平移不变性的表现。在狭义相对论中,动量能量结合在一起成为动量-能量四维矢量,动量守恒定律也与能量守恒定律一起结合为四维动量守恒定律。

动量守恒定律的意义

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动量守恒定律与能量守恒定律角动量守恒定律是自然界的普遍规律。在狭义相对论中,微观粒子作高速运动(速度接近光速)的情况下,牛顿定律已经不适用,但是以上定律仍然适用[2]。现代物理学研究中,动量守恒定律成为一个重要的基础定律。

相关事件

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1930年泡利为解释中子衰变现象中能量、动量不守恒提出微中子假说,后1930年莱因斯实验发现其存在。另外1932年查德威克实验研究放射的α粒子从中打出高能中性辐射发现中子。

参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ Feynman Vol. 1,Chapter 10
  2. ^ Goldstein 1980,第54–56頁
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动量守恒定律
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