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效用

效用粵拼haau6 jung4英文utility),粵語口語又有叫jik1,係經濟學上嘅一個概念,指一個空想嘅,用嚟表示一件物品或者一個選項喺做緊決策嗰個個體心目中幾有價值或者幾著數。如果加入埋腦神經學知識嚟諗,一個選項嘅效用有可能由某啲腦區嘅活躍程度嚟反映。

基礎

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喺最基本上,想像家陣個人有若干個選擇,是但攞其中一個選擇嚟睇,個選擇有 咁多個可能結果,噉呢個選擇嘅預期效益[英 1] 可以用以下呢條式表達[1]

,當中

係指第 個可能結果嘅效益, 帶嚟嘅價值)嘅函數,而 係第 個可能結果發生嘅機會率[註 1]。用日常用語講,即係話個選擇嘅 等如「將每個可能結果發生嘅機會率乘嗰個結果嘅效益,再將呢啲乘出嚟嘅數冚唪唥加埋嗮一齊」[1]

模擬

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效用呢個概念,喺經濟學嘅電腦模擬上成日用到。

例如係房地產市場電腦模擬噉:房地產市場可以當做一個由好多決策者住戶組成嘅系統,一個住戶會有若干位決策者,每位決策者都有各種嘅特徵,包括性別年齡同埋喺娛樂上嘅偏好呀噉,同時每個住戶都有啲特徵,例如係「手上有幾多錢」噉[註 2];然後個程式會同每位決策者計個數,得知佢住邊會得到最大嘅效益—例如一個鍾意睇戲嘅人正路會想住喺戲院附近。進階啲嘅模型,仲會考慮埋參數會點樣隨時間而變化,或者考慮每位決策者會唔會遇到情況令佢啲特徵突變[2]

腦部

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响廿一世紀初嘅效用研究當中,一個廣受關注嘅課題就係所謂嘅效益編碼[英 2]問題:廿世紀起嘅神經科學一般都假設咗,任何嘅心理現象都喺裏面有個對應嘅物理量心腦同一論);噉講即係話,腦理應會有某啲神經細胞係負責將一個選擇嘅預期效益做編碼嘅-即係用柞細胞嘅某啲物理量嚟代表個選擇嘅預期效益。喺最基本上,負責代表效益數值嘅神經細胞嘅活躍程度應該最少會同一個選擇嘅預期效益有正嘅統計相關,即係話神經科學家要係噉做實驗,要受試者(例如)評估每個選擇嘅效益,再一路用神經造影方法監察住受試者嘅腦活動,睇吓邊啲神經細胞嘅活躍程度同預期效益有相關[3]

睇埋

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註釋

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  1. 加總
  2. 有關類似嘅統計分析,可以睇睇多層模型嘅概念。

英詞

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  1. expected utility
  2. utility encoding

引用來源

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  1. 1.0 1.1 Morgenstern, O., & Von Neumann, J. (1953). Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton university press.
  2. Devisch, O. T., Timmermans, H. J., Arentze, T. A., & Borger, A. W. (2009). An agent-based model of residential choice dynamics in nonstationary housing markets. Environment and Planning A, 41(8), 1997-2013.
  3. Tobler, P. N., Christopoulos, G. I., O'Doherty, J. P., Dolan, R. J., & Schultz, W. (2009). Risk-dependent reward value signal in human prefrontal cortex 互聯網檔案館歸檔,歸檔日期2021年5月17號,. (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(17), 7185-7190.
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效用
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