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完全資訊

國際象棋係一場完全資訊嘅遊戲玩家喺任何時間點都完全知場對局喺乜狀態。

完全資訊粵拼jyun4 cyun4 zi1 seon3英文perfect information)喺經濟學博弈論上係指一個所有個體都知嗮所有所需資訊嘅情況,喺某啲經濟模型當中會用到。

不完全資訊英文imperfect information)就係指個個體唔係知道嗮所需資訊嘅情況。

概論

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好似德州話事啤噉就係不完全資訊遊戲-玩家唔知對方有咩牌喺手。

喺有完全資訊嘅博弈當中,所有博弈者都完美知道嗮之前嘅博弈者做過嘅決策。好多圖板遊戲都係完全資訊博弈,例如係象棋-喺象棋當中,每個玩家都可以知嗮對手同自己之前做過咩決策,所以具有完全資訊,而對完全資訊嘅分析喺對圖板遊戲嘅研究好有用[1][2][3]。不完全資訊博弈就包括啤牌同埋橋牌等等,喺德州話事啤(Texas hold'em)入面,每個牌手喺一局開始嗰時會獲派兩張啤牌,而呢兩張牌係乜唔到最後都唔會揭曉,牌手頂櫳都只係有得憑對手嘅行為估對手有乜牌[4][5]

想像下面嗰幅決策樹所描述嘅一場序貫博弈(以擴展形式表達),規則如下:兩個博弈者先後做決策,而每個結果會有若干報償;博弈者 1 先做決策,而且博弈者 2 冇方法直接得知佢揀咗乜;博弈者 1 手上有三個選項,C、D、同 O,如果佢揀咗 O,會令到博弈者 2 冇得做決策,並且直接造成(2, 2)嘅報償,其他可能結果嘅報償如圖所示。假如家吓博弈者 2 俾人叫佢做決策,假設博弈者 2 清楚博弈規則,就算冇人話佢知博弈者 1 揀咗乜,佢都會有能力推斷博弈者 1 實冇揀 O,但佢冇得知到底博弈者 1 揀咗 C 定 D-所以呢場博弈具有不完全資訊[6]

睇埋

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  1. Gale, D., & Stewart, F. M. (1953). Infinite games with perfect information. Contributions to the Theory of Games, 2, 245-266.
  2. Mycielski, J. (1992). Games with perfect information. Handbook of game theory with economic applications, 1, 41-70.
  3. Reny, P. J. (1988, January). Common knowledge and games with perfect information. In PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association (Vol. 1988, No. 2, pp. 363-369). Philosophy of Science Association.
  4. Owen, Guillermo (1995). Game Theory: Third Edition. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. p. 4.
  5. Brown, N., & Sandholm, T. (2017). Safe and nested subgame solving for imperfect-information games. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (pp. 689-699).
  6. Kreps, D. M., & Wilson, R. (1982). Reputation and imperfect information. Journal of economic theory, 27(2), 253-279.

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完全資訊
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