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地球化學

地球化學粵拼dei6 kau4 faa3 hok6英文Geochemistry),係用化學原理同架生嚟解釋地球嘅地質系統,例如地殼同埋海洋背後嘅機制嘅科學

地球化學成份

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地球嘅質量大約係 5.97 × 1024 公斤,即係 5970 堯克(Yottagrams;Yg)。構成地球嘅化學元素主要有(Iron,Fe;32.1%)、(Oxygen,O;30.1%)、(Silicon,Si;15.1%)、(Magnesium,Mg;13.9%)、(Sulphur,S;2.9%)、(Nickel,Ni;1.8%)、(Calcium,Ca;1.5%)、同埋(Aluminium,Al;1.4%)。淨低嗰 1.2% 係其他微量元素,例如係(Tungsten,W)、(Gold,Au)、(Mercury,Hg)、(Flourine,F)、(Boron,B)、(Xenon,Xe)呀噉。因為地球有質量層化(Mass segregation;指質量高啲嘅嘢向中心嗰度集中)嘅現象,估計構成地核嘅主要化學元素係喺元素當中算比較重嘅鐵(88.8%),而其他構成地核嘅元素包括咗鎳(5.8%)同埋硫(4.5%),同埋質量加埋少過 1% 嘅微量元素。構成地幔嘅主要礦物質就包括咗輝石(Pyroxene;化學式係 (Mg,Fe,Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)2O6)同埋橄欖石(Olivine;化學式係 (Mg,Fe)2SiO4)等等[1]

至於地殼嘅化學成份,據研究,氧係地殼度最多嘅元素,佔咗成 46% [2]。地殼嗰度有好多含氧嘅化合物,包咗水、二氧化矽(Silicon dioxide)、硫酸鈣(Calcium sulfate)、碳酸鈣(Calcium carbonate)、同埋氧化鋁(Aluminium oxide)等。絕大部分構成地殼常見嘅岩石嘅化合物都係有氧嘅化合物[3]。有啲岩石就係氟化物(Flouride)、硫化物(Sulfide)、同氯化物(Chloride),但係氟、硫、同喺任何地方嘅岩層入面嘅總含量通常遠遠少過 1%。而佔咗地殼淺表面 90% 以上體積嘅火成岩(Igneous rock)主要由二氧化矽(Silicon dioxide;SiO2)同埋矽酸鹽(Silicate)構成。地球化學家 Frank Wigglesworth 基於 1672 個對各種岩石嘅分析計過條數,推論出 99.22% 嘅岩石係由下面個表列咗出嚟嘅氧化物構成[4]

地殼嘅化學成份
化合物 二氧化矽 氧化鋁 氧化鈣 氧化鎂 氧化亞鐵 氧化鈉 氧化鉀 氧化鐵 二氧化碳 二氧化鈦 五氧化二磷 總計
含量 陸地 60.2% 15.2% 5.5% 3.1% 3.8% 3.0% 2.8% 2.5% 1.4% 1.2% 0.7% 0.2% 99.6%
48.6% 16.5% 12.3% 6.8% 6.2% 2.6% 0.4% 2.3% 1.1% 1.4% 1.4% 0.3% 99.9%

睇埋

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[編輯]
  1. Morgan, J. W., Anders, E. (1980). Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 77(12), 6973–77.
  2. Per Enghag. Encyclopedia of the Elements: Technical Data - History - Processing - Applications. John Wiley & Sons. 2008: 1039. ISBN 9783527612345.
  3. Robert E. Krebs. The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2006: 227. ISBN 9780313334382.
  4. Chisholm, H. (Ed.). Petrology. 大英百科全書. 第十一版. 劍橋大學出版社. 1911年.
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地球化學
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