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魏驹.
魏桓子(?—前446年),又称魏宣子,姬姓,魏氏,名驹,是中国春秋时期晋国大夫,魏氏世族的领袖,魏襄子魏侈之子。曾与韩康子、赵襄子合灭了担任执政的中军将智伯瑶,是为三家灭智。
晋出公十七年(前458年),知氏联合赵氏、魏氏与韩氏三大夫,瓜分了范氏和中行氏的土地和财产。知氏独占了范氏和中行氏大部分故地,并取代赵氏而掌管晋国政事,成为四卿中最强的势力,居晋国四大卿之首,并自称“伯”。晋出公十八年(前457年),在讨伐卫国回国后,与魏桓子、韩康子在蓝台举行宴会。[1]
晋出公十九年(前456年),知瑶向韩康子取得了万户之邑,转而向魏氏索求土地。魏桓子不希望无故割赠土地,谋士赵葭(任章)劝谏魏桓子应避知伯锋芒,以免魏氏成为知氏单一攻击目标;又说知瑶得到土地后必会愈加骄横而轻敌,不断向邻国索地而造成各国恐惧,如是者魏氏可乘机与各国联合图谋知氏。魏桓子于是同样答应向知伯割让万户之邑。智伯高兴之余,再向赵氏索求蔺、皋狼两邑,却被赵襄子拒绝,于是智伯于晋出公二十年(前455年),命韩康子与魏桓子出兵合攻赵襄子,[2][3]水淹赵氏的根据地晋阳。但韩、魏两家却因为受到智伯的恐吓威胁,加上赵氏家臣张孟谈以“唇亡齿寒”的道理说服韩、魏之君,智氏在灭赵后必定以韩、魏作为下个目标。韩、魏二主本来就不满平日嚣张跋扈的智伯,听了张孟谈之言决定倒戈起事。于是三方密约共同击败智伯并族灭智氏,又瓜分了智氏的土地,是为晋阳之战,[4]为日后“三家分晋”奠下基础。
周贞定王二十三年(晋哀公六年)(前446年),魏桓子死,子魏斯[5]翌年继位,是为魏文侯。
- ^ 见《国语·晋语九》。
- ^ 《战国策·赵策一·知伯帅赵韩魏而伐范中行氏》:知伯帅赵、韩、魏、而伐范、中行氏,灭之。休数年,使人请地于韩。……(韩康子)使使者致万家之邑一于知伯。知伯说,又使人请地于魏,魏宣子欲勿与。赵葭谏曰:“彼请地于韩,韩与之。请地于魏,魏弗与,则是魏内自强,而外怒知伯也。然则其错兵于魏必矣!不如与之。”宣子曰:“诺。”因使人致万家之邑一于知伯。知伯说,又使人之赵,请蔡、皋狼之地,赵襄子弗与。知伯因阴结韩、魏,将以伐赵。
- ^ 《战国策·魏策一·知伯索地于魏桓子》:知伯索地于魏桓子,魏桓子弗予。任章曰:“何故弗予?”桓子曰:“无故索地,故弗予。”任章曰:“无故索地,邻国必恐;重欲无厌,天下必惧。君予之地,知伯必㤭。㤭而轻敌,邻国惧而相亲。以相亲之兵,待轻敌之国,知氏之命不长矣!周书曰:‘将欲败之,必姑辅之;将欲取之,必姑与之。’君不如与之,以骄知伯。君何释以天下图知氏,而独以吾国为知氏质乎?”君曰:“善。”乃与之万家之邑一。知伯大说。因索蔡、皋梁于赵,赵弗与,因围晋阳。
- ^ 《战国策·赵策一》。
- ^ 《史记·魏世家》本文记述“桓子之孙曰文侯都”;据《史记·魏世家》索隐引《世本》,魏文侯当为桓子之子。
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