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余弦定理

一个三角形

余弦定理三角形中三边长度与一个角的余弦值()的数学式,余弦定理指的是:

同样,也可以将其改为:

其中角的对边,而角的邻边。

勾股定理则是余弦定理的特殊情况,当时,等式可被简化为

当知道三角形的两边和一角时,余弦定理可被用来计算第三边的长,或是当知道三边的长度时,可用来求出任何一个角。

历史

一个钝三角形和它的高。

余弦定理的历史可追溯至公元三世纪前欧几里得几何原本,在书中将三角形分为钝角和锐角来解释,这同时对应现代数学中余弦值的正负。根据几何原本第二卷的命题12和13[1],并参考右图,以现代的数学式表示即为:

其中,将其带入上式得到:

证明

三角函数

具有垂直线的锐角三角形

见右图,在上做高可以得到(投影定理):

将等式同乘以c得到:

运用同样的方式可以得到:

的右式取代:

勾股定理

勾股定理之一

证明所用的三角形

中,。过点作垂线,垂足为,如果内部,则的长度为的长度为的长度为。根据勾股定理

如果的延长线上,证明是类似的。同理可以得到其他的等式。

勾股定理之二

证明所用的三角形
证明所用的三角形

中,。过点作垂线,垂足为,设,则,根据勾股定理

如果的延长线上,证明是类似的。同理可以得到其他的等式。

应用

余弦定理是解三角形中的一个重要定理。

求边

余弦定理可以简单地变形成:

因此,如果知道了三角形的两边及其夹角,可由余弦定理得出已知角的对边。

求角

余弦定理可以简单地变形成:

因为余弦函数在上的单调性,可以得到:

因此,如果已知三角形的三边,可以由余弦定理得到三角形的三个内角。

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ In obtuse-angled triangles the square on the side subtending the obtuse angle is greater than the squares on the sides containing the obtuse angle by twice the rectangle contained by one of the sides about the obtuse angle, namely that on which the perpendicular falls, and the straight line cut off outside by the perpendicular towards the obtuse angle. --- Euclid's Elements, translation by Thomas L. Heath.
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余弦定理
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