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音位降阶

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降阶
ꜜ◌
IPA编号517
编码
HTML码(十进制)ꜜ
Unicode码(十六进制)U+A71C

音位降阶(downstep)在语音学上是用以表示声调语言中音节与字词之间,其声调里的音位语音“向下转移”之特性。西非的语言上音位降阶已是广为人所知晓的,但是日语(一种非声调、非重音的语言)之音调重音现象却也和非洲语言里的音位降阶特性非常类似。音位降阶是对比于一般比较少出现的音位升阶之语音特征。在国际音标里,音位降阶的符号是一个上标的向下指箭头()。

降阶机制

音位降阶可以出现在有相同音位声调的序列之间。

契维语

加纳契维语里,当两个中阶的声调出现在一块时,第二个调子比起第一个调子来得低些。因此,"向下转移"的特性在下降浮动与声调台阶的语音结构上扮演着很重要的角色。

音位降阶可以发生在低声调的语音省略之时,或者出现在一种浮动声调的型态里,且会随后留下一个比起其它语音来是比较低位准的声调。在班巴拉语里有这样一个例子。在这种语言里,定冠词是以一种浮动的低声调型态来表现。而名词是独立出现,且连接上一个母音,在将一个高声调转成下降声调时语义变化如例所示:[bá](“河流”)对比于[bâ](“这条河流”)。然而,当音位降阶现象出现在两个高声调之间,它会降低接下来的声调,语义变化如例所示:[bá tɛ́](“它不是一条河流”)、[báꜜtɛ́](“它不是所指的河流”)等。

日语

日语的音调重音也有类似降阶的表现。以读作“かき”(kaki) 的词为例,不符加助词的情况如下:

日文 牡蠣
音位 /kaꜜki/ /kakiꜜ/ /kaki/
音值 [kákì] [kàkí]

然而,当后面接表示主语的格助词”(ga) 时,三个词发音均不相同:

日文 牡蠣が 垣が 柿が
音位 /kaꜜki-ga/ /kakiꜜ-ga/ /kaki-ga/
音值 [kákì-gà] [kàkí-] [kàkí-]

参见

参考文献

  • Beckman Mary E. & Janet B. Pierrehumbert, (1986). "Intonational Structure in English and Japanese". Phonology Yearbook 3, 255-309.
  • Connell, Bruce (2001) "Downdrift, Downstep, and Declination". Typology of African Prosodic Systems Workshop, Bielefeld University, Germany
  • Crystal, David (2003). A dictionary of linguistics & phonetics. Wiley-Blackwell, pg. 130.
  • Myers, Scott (1996). "Boundary tones and the phonetic implementation of tone in Chichewa", Studies in African Linguistics 25, 29-60.
  • Pierrehumbert, Janet B. (1980) "The Phonology and Phonetics of English Intonation" Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • Welmers, William E. (1974). African Language Structures. University of California Press.
  • Yip, Moira (2002). Tone. Cambridge University Press.
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音位降阶
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