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杂家

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杂家先秦时代学术思想中的九流十家之一。

概况

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杂家之所以为杂家,是因为杂家不具有原创思想,而以取各家所长,避各家所短见长。杂家主要包括《吕氏春秋》、《淮南子[1]及《尸子》。杂家的学者本身并不自认为自己是杂家,而自认为其它各家,以目前所知的资料来看,此一名称是班固在《汉书·艺文志》中最早提出的,《汉书》中说:“杂家者流,盖出于议官。兼儒、墨,合名、法,知国体之有此,见王治之无不贯,此其所长也。”,并著录杂家著作二十种四百零三篇于其后。《隋书·经籍志》亦著录杂家著作九十七部二千七百二十卷之多。纪昀在《杂家类叙》中则认为“杂之广义,无所不包”。胡适说︰“杂家是道家的前身,道家是杂家的新名。汉以前的道家可叫做杂家,秦以后的杂家应叫做道家。”[2]

由于中国哲学在于春秋战国后渐少原创,并由于项羽火烧秦宫之举,使得许多思想的经典付之一炬,在其本源残缺不全之下,多数的思想家往往向不同的诸子各家里取法,而不再执著本源,故自汉以后,九流十家几已都算是杂家,不复原貌。

注释

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  1. ^ 钱玄同在《中国学术论文集要》中表示:“杂家之书,传于今者有《吕氏春秋》及《淮南子》,二书皆成于众人之手,盖集合百家之说,初无宗旨可言。”
  2. ^ 鲁迅《中国中古思想史长编》

外部链接

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杂家
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