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锦鲤疱疹病毒

锦鲤疱疹病毒
感染锦鲤疱疹病毒的锦鲤
病毒分类 编辑
(未分级) 病毒 Virus
域: 双链DNA病毒域 Duplodnaviria
界: 香港病毒界 Heunggongvirae
门: 衣壳病毒门 Peploviricota
纲: 疱疹病毒纲 Herviviricetes
目: 疱疹病毒目 Herpesvirales
科: 异疱疹病毒科 Alloherpesviridae
属: 鲤鱼病毒属 Cyprinivirus
种:
锦鲤疱疹病毒 Anatid alphaherpesvirus 1
异名
  • 鲤鱼疱疹病毒第三型(CyHV-3)

锦鲤疱疹病毒(Koi herpes virus, KHV),又称鲤鱼疱疹病毒第三型Cyprinid herpesvirus 3, CyHV-3),是异疱疹病毒科鲤鱼病毒属的一种病毒,以鲤鱼宿主,是造成鲤鱼感染最重要的病原之一[1]

病毒学

锦鲤疱疹病毒的基因组长295kb,大于多数疱疹病毒的基因组,可编码156种蛋白质。此病毒散播的方式多为水平传播英语Horizontal transmission,亦即被感染的鱼透过水将病毒传给周围个体,过去曾认为病毒是由进入鱼体内,但后续研究显示病毒应是是透过鱼的皮肤感染[2]。感染后有7–10天的潜伏期,之后症状包括皮肤上长出疱疹、眼部凹陷、呼吸频率加速、行动方向混乱、鳃出现白色斑块等,症状出现后1–2天鲤鱼便会开始死亡[1]

锦鲤疱疹病毒的活性与水温有关,在摄氏16度至25度间活性最高,水温超过摄氏30度或低于13度时,病毒会进入休眠状态(低温中被感染的鱼可能成为储蓄宿主[3]。有些个体感染后可能有数个月都没有出现症状,直至水温改变时才使病毒活化而出现症状[1]。除了鲤鱼外,此病毒亦可感染鲫鱼草鱼丁鱥,但不造成症状,因此这些物种可能为储蓄宿主[2]

发现

1997年至1998年间,德国养殖的鲤鱼爆发疱疹病毒疫情,1998年美国以色列亦爆发疫情,随后英国1996年鲤鱼大量死亡留下的样本亦检测出此病毒。北美洲、亚洲、欧洲、南非等地皆有锦鲤疱疹病毒的疫情[1],在多国造成严重的经济损失,仅有南美洲澳洲北非没有出现疫情[2]

生物防治

2016年,澳洲政府宣布将于墨累-大令盆地的河流投入锦鲤疱疹病毒,以减少该地外来种欧洲鲤的族群数量[4][5],但有学者担心此举可能造成严重的生态影响,例如病毒有感染其他原生鱼类的疑虑,以及鲤鱼的大量死亡可能影响水鸟等以其为食的动物,也会对水质造成负面影响[6][7]。截至2019年10月投放病毒的行动尚未定案[8]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Rathore, Gaurav; Kumar, Gokhlesh; Raja Swaminathan, T.; Swain, P. Koi Herpes Virus: A Review and Risk Assessment of Indian Aquaculture. Indian Journal of Virology. 2012, 23 (2): 124–133. ISSN 0970-2822. doi:10.1007/s13337-012-0101-4. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Michel, Benjamin; Fournier, Guillaume; Lieffrig, François; Costes, Bérénice; Vanderplasschen, Alain. Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010, 16 (12): 1835–1843. ISSN 1080-6040. doi:10.3201/eid1612.100593. 
  3. ^ CHAPTER 2.3.7 INFECTION WITH KOI HERPESVIRUS. Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (PDF). OIE. 2019 [2019-12-17]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-09-22). 
  4. ^ Cerny, David W. Australia to spend over $11mn to eradicate carps by releasing herpes virus into rivers. 2016-05-01. (原始内容存档于2016-06-02). 
  5. ^ Kilvert, Nick; Thomas, Kerrin. Herpes virus to be used in fight against carp in Murray River, Christopher Pyne says. ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 2016-05-01. (原始内容存档于2016-05-05). 
  6. ^ Calla Wahlquist. Australia's carp herpes plan dubbed 'serious risk to global food security'. The Guardian. 2017-02-23 [2019-12-17]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-08). 
  7. ^ Sowaibah Hanifie. Scientists raise concerns with National Carp Control Plan using herpes virus. ABC News. 2019-05-26 [2019-12-17]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-21). 
  8. ^ Isabella Pittaway, Grace Whiteside. Carp herpes virus recommendation expected by Christmas, despite lingering concerns. ABC News. 2019-10-18 [2019-12-17]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-06). 
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锦鲤疱疹病毒
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