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锯齿海豹族

锯齿海豹族[1]
化石时期:中新世-现今
食蟹海豹Lobodon carcinophaga
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 哺乳纲 Mammalia
目: 食肉目 Carnivora
演化支 鳍足类 Pinnipedia
科: 海豹科 Phocidae
亚科: 僧海豹亚科 Monachinae
族: 锯齿海豹族 Lobodontini
J. E. Gray, 1869

锯齿海豹族学名Lobodontini),又称为食蟹海豹族,是海豹科下的一个,包含了四个属四个种:食蟹海豹Lobodon carcinophaga)、豹海豹Hydrurga leptonyx)、韦德尔氏海豹Leptonychotes weddelli)及大眼海豹Ommatophoca rossii)。所有锯齿海豹族的物种均栖息于南极洲沿岸附近海域,并包含了数量最多的海豹(食蟹海豹)与唯一会以其他哺乳动物为食的海豹(豹海豹)。除了韦德尔氏海豹偏好岸冰英语fast ice外,其他锯齿海豹族物种均偏好栖息于流冰英语Drift ice上,难以抵达的栖息地加上南极洲地处偏远,这使得纵使锯齿海豹族包含了数量最多的海豹,人类对牠们的所知却是所有海豹中最为稀少的。

适应

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食蟹海豹牙齿的示意图,展现了用于过滤磷虾的特殊锯齿齿型

锯齿海豹族被认为是在中新世晚期时于南冰洋象海豹分支演化而来[2][3]。豹海豹与食蟹海豹牙齿上的牙叶及牙尖让牠们得以于水中过滤出微小的生物(牙齿的特殊形状也是锯齿海豹族的得名由来)。尽管如此,牠们仍然占据了特化于狩猎不同猎物的多个生态位,展现了同域种化英语sympatric speciation- 当一个新生生态系具有多个生态位的空缺时,同一物种可于同一地域内辐射演化成不同物种。也因此,具有特化如筛状齿型的食蟹海豹,是唯一一种主要以南极磷虾为食的海豹;而豹海豹则是唯一一种以其他海豹及企鹅为食的海豹,并仍然保有透过牙齿滤食磷虾的能力[4]

数量

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锯齿海豹族可被视为是现今最为成功的海洋哺乳动物类群,个体数量约占了所有海豹的50%,及全球鳍足类生物质的80%[5],其中尤以食蟹海豹的数量最多,具有超过30,000,000头的个体,肇因于南冰洋丰富的磷虾数量[6]。海豹数量的增加也可能是因为19至20世纪以来于南极洲的商业捕鲸造成大型须鲸数量的减少,使得食蟹海豹的主食磷虾数量增加[7]。基因研究显示韦德尔氏海豹与食蟹海豹于更新世时具有较大的体型[8]。目前四种海豹的数量均没有明显的下降。

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图像
食蟹海豹属 Lobodon Gray, 1844
豹海豹属 Hydrurga Gistel, 1848
大眼海豹属 Ommatophoca Gray, 1844
韦德尔氏海豹属 Leptonychotes Gill, 1872

参考文献

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  1. ^ Wozencraft, W.C. Order Carnivora. Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (编). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. LCCN 2005001870. OCLC 62265494.  NLC 001238428.
  2. ^ Rule, James P.; Adams, Justin W.; Rovinsky, Douglass S.; Hocking, David P.; Evans, Alistair R.; Fitzgerald, Erich M. G. A new large-bodied Pliocene seal with unusual cutting teeth. Royal Society Open Science. November 2020, 7 (11): 201591. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 7735334可免费查阅. PMID 33391813. doi:10.1098/rsos.201591可免费查阅 (英语). 
  3. ^ Rule, James P.; Adams, Justin W.; Marx, Felix G.; Evans, Alistair R.; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Scofield, R. Paul; Fitzgerald, Erich M. G. First monk seal from the Southern Hemisphere rewrites the evolutionary history of true seals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2020-11-11, 287 (1938). PMC 7735288可免费查阅. PMID 33171079. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.2318可免费查阅 (英语). 
  4. ^ Boyd, I. Antarctic Marine Mammals. Perrin, W. F.; Würsig, B.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (编). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals 2nd. Academic Press. 2009: 30–36. ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9. 
  5. ^ Laws, R.M. Seals. In: Laws, R.M. (ed) Antarctic Ecology, Vol. 2页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Academic Press, London, pp. 621-675
  6. ^ Erickson, A. W., Siniff, D. B., Cline, D. R. and Hofman, R. J. (1971). Distributional ecology of Antarctic seals. In: G. Deacon (ed.), Symposium on Antarctic Ice and Water Masses, pp. 55-76. Sci. Comm. Antarct Res., Cambridge, UK.
  7. ^ Mori, M.; Butterworth, D. A first step towards modelling the krill-predator dynamics of the Antarctic ecosystem. CCAMLR Science. 2006, 13: 217–277. 
  8. ^ Curtis, Caitlin; Stewart, Brent S.; Karl, Stephen A. Pleistocene population expansions of Antarctic seals. Molecular Ecology. 2009-05-01, 18 (10): 2112–2121. ISSN 1365-294X. PMID 19344354. S2CID 5323435. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04166.x (英语). 
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锯齿海豹族
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