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铑的同位素

主要的铑同位素
同位素 衰变
丰度 半衰期 (t1/2) 方式 能量
MeV
产物
101Rh 人造 4.07  ε 0.546 101Ru
103Rh 100% 稳定,带58粒中子
105Rh 人造 35.341 小时 β 0.567 105Pd
标准原子质量英语Standard atomic weight (Ar, 标准)
  • 102.90549(2)[1]
←Ru44 Pd46

原子量:102.90549(2))共有58个同位素,其中有1个同位素是稳定的。天然存在的铑元素中,只由一种同位素构成,即唯一稳定的铑同位素——103
Rh
[2]。除了稳定的铑-103之外,最稳定的同位素为101
Rh
,半衰期约为3又3个多[3],再来是102
Rh
,半衰期约207天[3],还有99
Rh
,半衰期16天两小时[3],以及105
Rh
半衰期一天又十一小时[3]100
Rh
,半衰期20小时48分钟[3],其余同位素半衰期皆在一小时以下[3],稳定性最差的是124
Rh
,半衰期只有391纳秒[4]。也有一些较稳定的核同质异能素,例如102m
Rh
,激发能量约为十四万零一千电子伏特,拥有半衰期约3.7年,以及101m
Rh
,激发能量约为十五万零七千电子伏特,拥有半衰期约4.34天[5]

铑的同位素中,在103
Rh
之前,主要的衰变模式为正电子发射,而在103
Rh
之后则主要为β衰变

铑-100

[编辑]

铑-100是铑的一种放射性同位素,是目前已知铑的同位素中拥有最多种核异构体(或核同质异能素)的同位素,也是铑的放射性同位素中,第五稳定的同位素[3]质量欠缺是负值,约为-85.5868 MeV[6],半衰期为20.8小时,会经由发射一颗正电子β+ )衰变为100
Ru

铑-100有除了激发能量为0的100
Rh
之外还有三种不同的核同质异能素:100m1
Rh
100m2
Rh
100m3
Rh
,但是最稳定的仍是基态的100
Rh
100m1
Rh
激发能量为107.6 keV,质量欠缺略高于100
Rh
,为-85.4792 MeV[6],但半衰期不到100
Rh
的0.5%,只有4.6分钟[3],有98.3%的100m1
Rh
会回到基态100
Rh
,另外的1.7%会和基态100
Rh
一样经过β+衰变为100
Ru
[3]

另外两个核同质异能素则十分不稳定,100m2
Rh
(激发能量:74.78 keV)半衰期只有214纳秒,而100m3
Rh
(激发能量:112 keV)半衰期则更短,仅有130纳秒[3]

铑-103

[编辑]

铑-103是铑的同位素中唯一稳定且唯一天然存在的同位素,在地壳中的丰度约只有2 × 10−10[7],可由衰变而得,也可以经由重元素裂变而产生,因此铑-103是一种裂变产物。103
Rh
有一种核同质异能素103m
Rh
,激发能量为39.756 keV,但其比103
Rh
不稳定很多,半衰期只有56分钟,会经由IT衰变回稳定的103
Rh
[3]

103
Rh
235
U
的裂变产物之一,因此,裂变产物中都会含有一些微量的铂系金属包括铑,因此可能可以从二手核燃料中提炼出铑-103或其他的同位素。然而,提取过程十分复杂且昂贵,已经没有用此种方法大规模的提炼103
Rh
或其他的同位素的尝试[8][9][10]

图表

[编辑]
符号 Z N 同位素质量(u[11]
[n 1][n 2]
半衰期
[n 1][n 2]
衰变
方式
[3]
衰变
产物

[n 3]
原子核
自旋[n 1]
相对丰度
莫耳分率)
激发能量[n 1][n 2]
89Rh 45 44 88.94884(48)# 10# ms
[>1.5 µs]
β+ 89Ru 7/2+#
90Rh 45 45 89.94287(54)# 15(7) ms
[12(+9-4) ms]
β+ 90Ru 0+#
90mRh 0(500)# keV 1.1(3) s
[1.0(+3-2) s]
9+#
91Rh 45 46 90.93655(43)# 1.74(14) s β+ 91Ru 7/2+#
91mRh 1.46(11) s (1/2-)
92Rh 45 47 91.93198(43)# 4.3(13) s β+ 92Ru (6+)
92mRh 4.66(25) s
[2.9(+15-8) s]
(>=6+)
93Rh 45 48 92.92574(43)# 11.9(7) s β+ 93Ru 9/2+#
94Rh 45 49 93.92170(48)# 70.6(6) s β+ (98.2%) 94Ru (2+,4+)
β+, p (1.79%) 93Tc
94mRh 300(200)# keV 25.8(2) s β+ 94Ru (8+)
95Rh 45 50 94.91590(16) 5.02(10) min β+ 95Ru (9/2)+
95mRh 543.3(3) keV 1.96(4) min IT (88%) 95Rh (1/2)-
β+ (12%) 95Ru
96Rh 45 51 95.914461(14) 9.90(10) min β+ 96Ru (6+)
96mRh 52.0(1) keV 1.51(2) min IT (60%) 96Rh (3+)
β+ (40%) 96Ru
97Rh 45 52 96.91134(4) 30.7(6) min β+ 97Ru 9/2+
97mRh 258.85(17) keV 46.2(16) min β+ (94.4%) 97Ru 1/2-
IT (5.6%) 97Rh
98Rh 45 53 97.910708(13) 8.72(12) min β+ 98Ru (2)+
98mRh 60(50)# keV 3.6(2) min IT 98Rh (5+)
β+ 98Ru
99Rh 45 54 98.908132(8) 16.1(2) d β+ 99Ru 1/2-
99mRh 64.3(4) keV 4.7(1) h β+ (99.83%) 99Ru 9/2+
IT (.16%) 99Rh
100Rh 45 55 99.908122(20) 20.8(1) h β+ 100Ru 1-
100m1Rh 107.6(2) keV 4.6(2) min IT (98.3%) 100Rh (5+)
β+ (1.7%) 100Ru
100m2Rh 74.78(2) keV 214.0(20) ns (2)+
100m3Rh 112.0+X keV 130(10) ns (7+)
101Rh 45 56 100.906164(18) 3.3(3) y ε 101Ru 1/2-
101mRh 157.32(4) keV 4.34(1) d ε (93.6%) 101Ru 9/2+
IT (6.4%) Rh
102Rh 45 57 101.906843(5) 207.0(15) d β+ (80%) 102Ru (1-,2-)
β (20%) 102Pd
102mRh 140.75(8) keV 3.742(10) y β+ (99.77%) 102Ru 6+
IT (.23%) 102Rh
103
Rh
[n 4]
45 58 102.905504(3) 稳定 1/2- 1.0000
103mRh 39.756(6) keV 56.114(9) min IT 103Rh 7/2+
104Rh 45 59 103.906656(3) 42.3(4) s β (99.55%) 104Pd 1+
β+ (.449%) 104Ru
104mRh 128.967(4) keV 4.34(3) min 5+
105Rh[n 4] 45 60 104.905694(4) 35.36(6) h β 105Pd 7/2+
105mRh 129.781(4) keV 42.9(3) s IT 105Rh 1/2-
β 105Pd
106Rh 45 61 105.907287(8) 29.80(8) s β 106Pd 1+
106mRh 136(12) keV 131(2) min β 106Pd (6)+
107Rh 45 62 106.906748(13) 21.7(4) min β 107Pd 7/2+
107mRh 268.36(4) keV >10 µs 1/2-
108Rh 45 63 107.90873(11) 16.8(5) s β 108Pd 1+
108mRh -60(110) keV 6.0(3) min β 108Pd (5)(+#)
109Rh 45 64 108.908737(13) 80(2) s β 109Pd 7/2+
110Rh 45 65 109.91114(5) 28.5(15) s β 110Pd (>3)(+#)
110mRh -60(50) keV 3.2(2) s β 110Pd 1+
111Rh 45 66 110.91159(3) 11(1) s β 111Pd (7/2+)
112Rh 45 67 111.91439(6) 3.45(37) s β 112Pd 1+
112mRh 330(70) keV 6.73(15) s β 112Pd (4,5,6)
113Rh 45 68 112.91553(5) 2.80(12) s β 113Pd (7/2+)
114Rh 45 69 113.91881(12) 1.85(5) s β (>99.9%) 114Pd 1+
β, n (<.1%) 113Pd
114mRh 200(150)# keV 1.85(5) s β 114Pd (4,5)
115Rh 45 70 114.92033(9) 0.99(5) s β 115Pd (7/2+)#
116Rh 45 71 115.92406(15) 0.68(6) s β (>99.9%) 116Pd 1+
β, n (<.1%) 115Pd
116mRh 200(150)# keV 570(50) ms β 116Pd (6-)
117Rh 45 72 116.92598(54)# 0.44(4) s β 117Pd (7/2+)#
118Rh 45 73 117.93007(54)# 310(30) ms β 118Pd (4-10)(+#)
119Rh 45 74 118.93211(64)# 300# ms
[>300 ns]
β 119Pd 7/2+#
120Rh 45 75 119.93641(64)# 200# ms
[>300 ns]
β 120Pd
121Rh 45 76 120.93872(97)# 100# ms
[>300 ns]
β 121Pd 7/2+#
122Rh 45 77 121.94321(75)# 50# ms
[>300 ns]
123
Rh
45 78 122.94605(6)# > 403 ns[12] β[12] 123Pd 7/2+#
β, n[12] 122Pd
124
Rh
[4]
45 79 (123.949382)# (> 391) ns[4] β, 2n[4] 122
Pd
β, n[4] 123
Pd
β[4] 124
Pd
125
Rh
[13]
45 80 (124.9527)# > (393)# ns[13] β[13] 125Pd 7/2+#
β, n[13] 124Pd
126
Rh
45 81 (125.96)# β[14] 126Pd
β, n[14] 125Pd
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 画上#号的数据代表没有经过实验的证明,仅为理论推测。
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 用括号括起来的数据代表不确定性。
  3. ^ 稳定的衰变产物以粗体表示。
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 核裂变产物


同位素列表
钌的同位素 铑的同位素 钯的同位素

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
  1. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2022-05-04. ISSN 1365-3075. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 (英语). 
  2. ^ John W. Arblaster "The Discoverers of the Rhodium Isotopes. The thirty-eight known rhodium isotopes found between 1934 and 2010" Platinum Metals Review Volume 55 Issue 2 April 2011 Pages 124-134.doi:10.1595/147106711X555656
  3. ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 Universal Nuclide Chart. nucleonica. [2015-09-15]. (原始内容需要免费注册存档于2017-02-19). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 rhodium-124 :Table of Nuclides页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Brookhaven National Laboratory Interactive, nndc.bnl.gov [2015-9-14]
  5. ^ Audi, G.; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A.H. The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties. Nuclear Physics A (Atomic Mass Data Center). 2003, 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 rhodium-100页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) nndc.bnl.gov [2015-9-16]
  7. ^ Barbalace, Kenneth, "Table of Elements[失效链接]". Environmental Chemistry.com; retrieved 2007-04-14.
  8. ^ Kolarik, Zdenek; Renard, Edouard V. Potential Applications of Fission Platinoids in Industry (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. 2005, 49 (2): 79 [2015-09-16]. doi:10.1595/147106705X35263. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24). 
  9. ^ Kolarik, Zdenek; Renard, Edouard V. Recovery of Value Fission Platinoids from Spent Nuclear Fuel. Part I PART I: General Considerations and Basic Chemistry (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. 2003, 47 (2): 74–87 [2015-09-16]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24). 
  10. ^ Kolarik, Zdenek; Renard, Edouard V. Recovery of Value Fission Platinoids from Spent Nuclear Fuel. Part II: Separation Process (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. 2003, 47 (2): 123–131 [2015-09-16]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24). 
  11. ^ Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2008-09-23. by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 rhodium-123 :Table of Nuclides页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Brookhaven National Laboratory Interactive, nndc.bnl.gov [2015-9-14]
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 rhodium-125 :Table of Nuclides页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Brookhaven National Laboratory Interactive, nndc.bnl.gov [2015-9-14]
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 rhodium-126 :Table of Nuclides页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Brookhaven National Laboratory Interactive, nndc.bnl.gov [2015-9-14]
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铑的同位素
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